Bipolar Disorder ( Bd )
Bipolar disorder (BD), or manic depression, is one of the oldest mental illnesses, first being
documented in 1st Century Greece by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. He first noted the link between mania
and depression that is so characteristic of the disease. As the years progressed the disease changed
names from mania and melancholia during Ancient Greece and Rome, to manico melancolicus in the
17th century, lafolie circulaire in 1851, and now, finally, bipolar as defined by the American
Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980.
Bipolar disorder affects 2.3 million Americans, or 1.2% of the population (Gambaccini, 2012). It is
equally represented in men and women and among all races, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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The first paper, Large scale genome wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new
susceptibility locus near ODZ4, by Sklar et al., combined genome wide association (GWAS) analysis
of 7,481 individuals affected with bipolar disorder and 9,250 control individuals within the Psychiatric
Genomewide Association Study Consortium Bipolar Disorder group (PGC BD) (2011). In order to
achieve this, they used a variety of methods including a genome wide association analysis (GWAS),
replication study, and a pathway analysis. For the GWAS they used 16,731 BD samples from multiple
overlapping case and control studies facilitated by the Psychiatric Genome wide Association Study
Consortium (PGC) and 47,035 individuals for the replication sample. After receiving the primary
genotype and phenotype data for all of the samples, they combined them into a datasheet with 7,481
unique cases and 9,250 unique controls selected. The sample was broken down with 84% BD type 1,
11% BD type 2, 4% schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, and 1% other bipolar diagnosis. They used
46,234 SNP s, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, to directly genotype all 11 groups and 1,016,924
NPs were genotyped for 9 of the groups. SNPs are a single nucleotide that is changed that can result in
a disease by altering a gene s function. They then used a logistic regression of the case statuses on the
dosages of SNPs and determined that
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