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1. Promoting breast feeding; Caring for socio-economically deprived and vulnerable 11/4/2024 1

2. Promoting breastfeeding and caring for socio-economically deprived and vulnerable groups are essential public health initiatives. Here's a breakdown of how to support these objectives: Promoting Breastfeeding : Awareness Campaigns : Educate parents about the benefits of breastfeeding for both infants and mothers. Breastfeeding strengthens immunity, reduces disease risks, and fosters bonding. Supportive Environments : Establish breastfeeding-friendly policies in workplaces, healthcare facilities, and public spaces. This might include designated breastfeeding areas and flexible work hours for nursing mothers. Training for Healthcare Providers : Equip healthcare providers with knowledge and techniques to support breastfeeding mothers, addressing challenges like latching issues or milk supply concerns. Peer Support Programs : Create peer support groups where experienced mothers can mentor new mothers, providing guidance, emotional support, and practical advice. 11/4/2024 2

3. Caring for Socio-Economically Deprived and Vulnerable Populations : Access to Resources : Ensure access to essential resources like nutritious food, safe housing, healthcare, and sanitation. Community centers or health clinics can serve as resource hubs for these populations. Targeted Healthcare Services : Offer affordable healthcare services with a focus on preventive care. Mobile clinics and health outreach programs can reach those with limited access to traditional healthcare. Social Support Networks : Foster community networks to reduce social isolation and increase resilience. Mentorship programs, support groups, and community gatherings can provide emotional and practical support. Educational Opportunities : Provide education on topics like nutrition, hygiene, and childcare to empower individuals and improve their quality of life. 11/4/2024 3

4. Conclusion Together, these strategies can support breastfeeding promotion and improve the well-being of socio-economically deprived and vulnerable individuals. 11/4/2024 4

5. Recommended infant and young child feeding practices WHO and UNICEF’s global recommendations for optimal infant feeding as set out in the Global Strategy are: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (180 days ) Nutritionally adequate and safe complementary feeding starting from the age of 6 months with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age 5 11/4/2024

6. Exclusive vs Complementary feeding Exclusive breastfeeding means that an infant receives only breast milk from his or her mother with the exception of oral rehydration solution, drops or syrups consisting of vitamins , minerals supplements or medicines Complementary feeding is defined as the process starting when breast milk is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast milk 6 11/4/2024

7. Important terms regarding feeding Breastfeeding Also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young  children with   milk  from a woman's  breast Exclusive breastfeeding F or 6 months an infant receives only breast milk from his or her mother or a wet nurse , or expressed breast milk, and no other liquids or solids, not even water, with the exception of oral rehydration solution, drops or syrups consisting of vitamins , minerals supplements or medicines 7 11/4/2024

8. Cont…. Complementary feeding The process starting when breast milk is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast milk. The target range for complementary feeding is generally taken to be 6 to 23 months of age , even though breastfeeding may continue beyond two years Weaning T he process of replacing breast milk with other foods 8 11/4/2024

9. Importance of breastfeeding Optimum infant and young feeding (IYCF) practices are essential for Survival Growth Development of infants and young children These feeding practices comprise of breastfeeding and complementary feeding 9 11/4/2024

10. The WHO/UNICEF Global Strategy for infant and young child feeding states that: 1) Infants should be initiated to breastfeeding within the first half to 1 hour following their birth 2) They should be exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age and from then on 3) They should receive safe, nutritionally adequate and age appropriate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed up to 2 years 10 11/4/2024

11. Breastfeeding is a preferred mode of feeding considering benefits: Nutritional Immunological Health (morbidity, mortality) Developmental Economical a ecological 11 11/4/2024

12. Nutritional benefits Optimal concentration of nutrients H igh bioavailability L ower intake of calories Growth factors – epidermal growth factor, hormons Protective factors - immunoglobulins, macrophages, lysozym, bifidus factor etc. 12 11/4/2024

13. Reviews of studies from developing countries show that infants who are not breastfed are 6 to 10 times more likely to die in the first months of life than infants who are breastfed Malnutrition, Diarrhoea and pneumonia are more common and more severe in children who are artificially fed and are responsible for many of these death 13 11/4/2024

14. Benefits of Breastfeeding to Infants Decreased morbidity and mortality from infections Respiratory Gastrointestinal Optimal nutrition Species-specific nutrients No overfeeding Improved outcomes for premature infants Fewer infections Earlier discharge 14 11/4/2024

15. Benefits of Breastfeeding to Mothers Immediately after birth Decreased risk of postpartum hemorrhage Delayed onset of menses - Decreased incidence of iron deficiency Long-term health Decreased risk of breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers Decreased risk of central obesity and metabolic syndrome 15 11/4/2024

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17. Immunological benefits Breastfeeding confers short-term and long-term benefits on both child and mother including helping to protect children against a variety of acute and chronic disorders Artificially-fed children have an increased risk of long term diseases with an immunological basis, including asthma and other atopic conditions, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease and ulcerative colitis Artificial feeding is also associated with a greater risk of childhood leukaemia 17 11/4/2024

18. Immediate causes of malnutrition a ) Poor food intake Children nutritional status is negatively affected by inadequate food intake and by illnesses b) Illnesses Poor nutritional status compromises the child’s ability to resist and recover rapidly from infections It is estimated that more than 1/3 of the child deaths are, globally, attributable to under nutrition 18 11/4/2024

19. Underlying causes of malnutrition Inadequate infant and young child feeding practices Maternal nutritional status 19 11/4/2024

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21. Importance of optimum IYCF practices and child s urvival Exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months and breastfeeding up to 12 months ranked as the single greatest nutrition intervention for effectively reducing child mortality Research result reported that exclusive breastfeeding could potentially prevent 1.4 million deaths every year among children under five years of age out of the 10 million child deaths estimated globally 21 11/4/2024

22. Importance of IYCF on g rowth and development of children Optimum IYCF is essential for child growth and development A dequate complementary feeding as well as freedom from illnesses are essential for achieving proper infant and young child growth and development 22 11/4/2024

23. Importance of IYCF practices for the mother Breast milk confers to the baby 0-6 month protection from illness thanks to its antibodies; it is adequately nutritious for the infant and is a uniquely balanced and complete food for this age group On the other hand, a 0-6 month old infant who is artificially fed is faced with a threefold risk: he/she does not receive the necessary antibodies from the breast milk he/she is at risk of being contaminated from unhygienic milk preparations his/her diet may not be adequate 23 11/4/2024

24. The benefits of breastfeeding are also enormous for the mother For the mother, breastfeeding is associated with decreased maternal postpartum blood loss, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and reduced osteoporosis 24 11/4/2024

25. Major Gaps Every mother can breastfeed her baby provide she is in good health she has the right information, attitudes and support from the family, the community and the health care system 25 11/4/2024

26. A. At household level Limited knowledge by the mothers and caregivers on optimum infant and young child feeding practices Widespread social and cultural beliefs affecting proper infant feeding practices. For instance, that colostrums is harmful to the baby or that early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continuation of breastfeeding up to 24 months and beyond are not possible Early or late introduction of complementary feeding, inadequate knowledge on and practices of optimum complementary feeding practices Poverty , lack of diversity in the diet Unhygienic preparation, sanitation and storage of complementary feeds 26 11/4/2024

27. B) At community and health facility level Early marriage, adolescent pregnancies and maternal malnutrition Limited number and adequately trained health workers and community health workers on IYCF Lack of community mother support groups to promote optimum infant and young child feeding practices Lack of work on creating a supportive community as a whole 27 11/4/2024

28. C) At management/coordination level Weak coordination and partnership in promoting and supporting optimum feeding practices Limited implementing partners in support, promotion and protection of optimum IYCF practices, especially in special circumstances Lack of supportive policies, IYCF guidelines and legislation aimed at promoting, protecting and supporting optimum infant and young child feeding Limited human and financial resources for adequate IYCF programming Limited supervision of service providers 28 11/4/2024

29. IYCF Interventions Most recently, major key interventions that are currently being scaled up for the promotion, support and protection of the IYCF practices include: Sensitization of families and caregivers on breastfeeding practices through various channels, the main important being : Support IYCF programming through outreach activities Development of an IYCF promotion package aimed at changing behavior of grandmothers and other influential people on young mothers such as religious leaders and fathers 29 11/4/2024

30. Advocacy for the IYCF strategy and for improvement on maternal nutrition On-going counseling and promotional support which are integrated into the various nutrition programs In-service training of service providers has also being on-going 30 11/4/2024

31. 5 W’s Who? Every woman What? Feed breast milk to her child Where? Any where & Every where When? After an hour of baby being born the mother can breast feed her child and continue exclusive breast feeding up to six months Why? Breast milk provide 100 of the essential nutrients that are essential for the optimal growth & development of baby 31 11/4/2024

32. TEN STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL BREASTFEEDING 1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff 2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy 3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding 4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within a half-hour of birth. 5. Show mothers how to breastfeed, and how to maintain lactation even if they are separated from their infants 32 11/4/2024

33. Cont… 6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk, unless medically indicated 7. Practice rooming-in - allow mothers and infants to remain together - 24 hours a day 8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand 9. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers (also called dummies or soothers) to breastfeeding infants 10. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from the hospital or clinic 33 11/4/2024

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36. Awareness campaigns 36 11/4/2024

37. Recommendations WHO and UNICEF recommendations Early initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth; Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life; and Introduction of nutritionally-adequate and safe complementary (solid) foods at 6 months Newborn babies typically express demand for feeding every one to three hours (8–12 times in 24 hours) for the first two to four weeks 37 11/4/2024

38. BREASTFEEDING WILL BE SUCCESSFUL IN MOST CASES IF The mother feels good about herself The baby is well attached to the breast so that he suckles effectively The baby suckles as often and for as long as he wants The environment supports breastfeeding 38 11/4/2024

39. Which is better, breastfeeding or formula-feeding? Human milk is the preferred feeding for all infants. Pediatricians generally advise that full-term, healthy infants exclusively breastfeed when possible for the first 12 months of life and, thereafter, for as long as mutually desired. Advantages of breastfeeding include breast milk is nutritionally sound and easy to digest; breastfeeding is believed to enhance a close mother-child relationship; breast milk contains infection-fighting antibodies (immunoglobulins) that may reduce the frequency of diarrhea, gastroenteritis otitis media, and other respiratory infections in the infant; and breast milk leads to cost savings and is convenient. 11/4/2024 39

40. B reastfeeding or formula-feeding? 11/4/2024 40

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42. Conclusion Skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby immediately after birth and initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life Breastfeeding on demand (that is, as often as the child wants, day and night ) Rooming-in (allowing mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours a day ) Not giving babies additional food or drink, even water, unless medically necessary 42 11/4/2024

43. Thank you for your listening 11/4/2024 43