Final PPT internship 4th year civil .pptx

The **Principle of Engineering Economy** refers to the application of economic analysis methods to engineering projects and decisions. It helps engineers to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternatives, ensuring that the resources invested lead to the most beneficial outcomes. The key principles include:

### 1. **Time Value of Money**
- Money today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. This principle guides decisions related to investments, loans, and project financing. Economic analysis tools like **Present Worth (PW)**, **Future Worth (FW)**, and **Annual Worth (AW)** account for the time value of money.

### 2. **Cost and Benefit Analysis**
- Comparing the costs and benefits of different projects or alternatives is central to decision-making. This includes **tangible** (e.g., material costs) and **intangible** (e.g., reputation, environmental impact) factors. Engineers aim to maximize the difference between benefits and costs.

### 3. **Equivalence**
- Equivalence allows comparison of monetary values occurring at different times. Techniques like **discounting** future cash flows to present value are used to compare alternatives with different cost and revenue patterns over time.

### 4. **Sunk Costs**
- These are past expenditures that cannot be recovered. They should not influence future decisions, as only future costs and benefits should be considered for project selection.

### 5. **Opportunity Cost**
- This is the value of the best alternative foregone. Engineers consider what is sacrificed when one project is chosen over another.

### 6. **Incremental Analysis**
- This principle compares the additional costs and benefits of one alternative over another. Decisions should be based on these incremental differences.

### 7. **Marginal Costs and Benefits**
- Engineers look at the additional cost and benefit of producing one more unit of a good or service, helping determine the optimal scale of production or operation.

### 8. **Breakeven and Sensitivity Analysis**
- This evaluates the point where costs and revenues are equal (no profit or loss). Sensitivity analysis explores how changes in key variables impact the economic viability of a project.

### 9. **Depreciation and Taxes**
- Depreciation is the reduction in the value of an asset over time. In engineering economics, it is considered for tax purposes and affects cash flow analysis.

### 10. **Replacement Analysis**
- Engineers use this principle to decide whether to repair or replace an asset by comparing the costs and benefits over its remaining life with a new alternative.

These principles are used to assess various options, balancing technical performance with cost efficiency to choose the best solution.

1. MAJOR PROJECT PRESENTATION Commercial Building near airport BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Student Name Tavish P Sharma Registration No . 199102020 Under the guidance of MUJ Faculty Name Dr. Sanchit Anand Jan- May 2023 1

2. INTRODUCTION Project Name: Comercial building of 11 floors near the airport The attached is the location of site Govind Vihar , Surajpura , Airport , Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017 2

3. Introduction Work amount of the project is Rs 250 Crores ,The estimate value by the client is Rs 350 Crores . Duration time of the project is 18 months. Date of commencement of project is 18 th July 2022 and in the last meeting conducted on the completion of the project to be precised till Diwali. The Project Client is Mohan Enterprises Contractor of this project is Global. Architect consultant by Shri Sitaram ji Activities performed/observed responsibilities executed Checking allingments of and reinforcement of slab, beam, Supervised the concreting, columns layout, curing of the different components .

4. Introduction Fig.1 Date of joining as trainee Fig.2 Last Day

5. Objectives Activities observed. Slab Casting. Slab Casting is a process of concrete slabs that are used as horizontal surfaces in building and other structures. Slab casting plays an important role in flat load bearing surfaces that provides structural support and serves as floor or ceiling. Various Steps Followed for Slab Casting. 5

6. Assemble and erect formwork for slab: Formwork shall be designed in this way so that it can attained the weight of workers, equipments used for construction . Fig 3 Assemble and errect Formwork

7. Oiling on slab: Oiling on the formwork would be put in a correct amount should be placed so that concrete would not set . Fig.4 Oiling on slab.

8. Reinforcement for slab: Reinforcement on slab should be depend on the plan drawing where and in which nos we need to put the reinforcement. Fig.6 Reinforcement of slab(2) Fig.5 reinforcement of slab(1)

9. Cover blocks: Cover blocks are placed in between the rebar. Cover blocks are placed to prevent the building from spalling in building . Fig.7 Cover Blocks Fig.8 Cover Block placed between the rebars .

10. Concreting: Now the process comes of slab casting and it can be done through pumping. Concrete used in slab for casting is M30 . Fig.9 Concreting through pumping. Fig.10 Vibrating served on fresh concrete.

11. Column Casting Column casting in construction refers to the process of creating vertical structural elements known as columns. Columns are essential components of buildings and other structures that provide vertical support, transfer loads, and help maintain the structural integrity of the overall system. Column Casting is to be done by various process . Steel Checking: is most important process for coloumn casting. Steel checking is done by the drawing of reinforcement in column to check all steel are placed accordingly . Fig.11 Steel Checking of Column. Fig. 12 Steel Checking 2

12. Shuttering: After Steel checking then it is the time for Shuttering of Column . Fig.13 Shuttering of Column.

13. Casting of Column: After Shuttering it time for column casting with the help of tower crane hold the bucket filled with concrete and concrete fills in the column . Fig.14 Column Casting.

14. Fig.15 Column Casting(2)

15. Column Layout Column layout refers to the arrangement and positioning of columns within a building or structure. It involves determining the number, size, spacing, and location of columns to provide adequate support and stability to the overall structure . Fig. 16 Column Layout.

16. The factors need to be taken while doing column layout : Structural Design: The column layout is primarily driven by the structural requirements of the building. Structural engineers analyze the loads and forces acting on the structure, including gravity loads, such as the weight of the floors and roof, as well as lateral loads, such as wind and seismic forces. The layout is designed to ensure that the columns can safely carry and distribute these loads to the foundation . Fig. 17 Column layout according to Structural Design.

17. Clear Spans: The column layout should aim to provide clear spans, which are uninterrupted distances between columns. Clear spans offer flexibility in interior space planning and can enhance the aesthetics of the building. However, the span lengths need to be balanced with the structural requirements to avoid excessive deflection or instability . Fig. 18 Clear Span of layout.

18. Plastering   Plastering is a construction technique that involves applying a smooth, protective, and decorative coating to the surfaces of walls and ceilings. Mixture of cement, sand, and water, known as plaster. Fig.19 Tippy used for the thickness.

19.   Mixing the Plaster: Plaster is typically prepared by mixing cement, sand, and water in the desired proportions. The mixture should be consistent and free of lumps. The mixing ratio may vary depending on the type of plaster being used.

20. Table 1 Mortar Ratio Area ( Sqm ) Plaster Thickness (mm) Mix Ratio of Mortar Cement (in kgs) Water (in Kgs or Litre) Sand (In Cft) 1 12 1:3 4.937 4.40 0.377 1 12 1:4 3.929 4.40 0.399 1 12 1:5 3.254 4.40 0.414 1 12 1:6 2.780 4.40 0.424

21. Adding Layers: Depending on the desired finish and the condition of the surface, additional layers of plaster may be applied. Each layer is allowed to dry partially before applying the next one .   Fig.20 Adding layer for Plaste

22. 22 Smoothing and Finishing: Once the desired thickness is achieved, the surface is smoothed using a trowel or float. This process involves removing any imperfections, such as unevenness or air bubbles, and creating a uniform and smooth surface

23. Curing and Drying: After the plastering is complete, the plaster needs to cure and dry. Curing involves keeping the plaster moist for a specific period to ensure proper hydration and strength development. The drying time will vary depending on the climate conditions and the type of plaster used. Fig.22 Curing and drying

24. Results and discussion Result after completion of Internship Having a practical knowledge Huge Difference between Theoretical and Practical Knowledge. Discussion of the day to day activities 24

25. Thank you 25