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1. FIRE Subtitle

2. What is Fire?

3. Fire is composed of three elements – heat, fuel, and oxygen which when combined will result in a chemical reaction called burning . Fire consumes the oxygen in the air, while increasing the concentration of deadly carbon monoxide and other toxic gases in the atmosphere.

4. Inhaling carbon monoxide can cause loss of consciousness or death within minutes . The heat from a hostile fire exceeds anything to which a person is normally exposed. A fully developed room fire has temperatures over 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit . Fire generates a black,impenetrable smoke that blocks vision and stings the eyes. It is impossible to navigate through such smoke, so fire drill participants should practice evacuating buildings by at least two routes.

5. The Fire Triangle

6. The fire triangles or combustion triangles or ″ fire diamond ″ are simple models for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires. The Fire Triangle

7. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel , and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen ).

8. A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture, meaning that fire is actually an event rather than a thing. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle.

9. ELEMENTS OF FIRE

10. A heat source is responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and is also needed to maintain the fire and enable it to spread . Heat allows fire to spread by drying out and preheating nearby fuel and warming surrounding air. 1. HEAT

11. Fuel is any kind of combustible material . It ’ s characterized by its moisture content , size, shape, quantity and the arrangement in which it is spread over the landscape. The moisture content determines how easily i t will burn. 2. FUEL

12. Air contains about 21 percent oxygen, and most fires require at least 16 percent oxygen content to burn. Oxygen supports the chemical processes that occur during fire. When fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen from the surrounding air, releasing heat and generating combustion products (gases, smoke, embers, etc.). This process is known as oxidation. 3. OXYGEN

13. CAUSES OF FIRE

14. Arsons and Intentional fires Candles Cooking Electrical Wires and Equipment Smoking Young firesetters

15. Building Fire Building fires may be caused by human negligence or by arson . It can also be accidental . Other causes are: electrical system overloading e.g. through octopus/ illegal electrical connection ; overloading of supply by appliances; faulty electrical wirings and connections; and carelessness of users . Commonly Experienced Fires

16. Forest Fire Forest Fire is generally started by lightning. It may also be caused by human negligence or arson . If major, it may burn thousands of square kilometers and intensify enough to produce its own winds and “weather” effect Commonly Experienced Fires

17. Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage . It is the greatest cause of fires in data repositories. Arson is a crime commonly defined by statute as willful or malicious damage of property by means of fire or explosion. It also refers to the burning of another person’s dwelling under circumstances that endanger human life or the burning of any public facility, like school buildings. Commonly Experienced Fires

18. CLASSES OF FIRE

19. Class A - fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles. Class B - fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.

20. Class C - fires involving electrical. Class D - fires involving chemicals . (Technically ‘ Class D ’ doesn't exists however this is used for convenience here)

21. Class F - fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers.

22. Class  Ordinary Combustibles: To Prevent Fires Keep storage and working areas free of trash. Place oily rags in covered containers.

23. Class  Flammable liquids or gases: Don’t refuel gasoline-powered equipment in a confined space, in the presence of an open flame, or while the equipment is hot. Keep flammable liquids stored in a tightly closed container and away from spark producing sources. Use flammable liquids only in well ventilated areas.

24. Class  Electrical Equipment: Never install a fuse rated higher than specified for the circuit. Investigate any appliance or electrical equipment that smells strange. Unusual odors can be the first sign of a potential fire. Utility lights should always have some type of wire guard over them.

25. Class  Flammable metals: Knowledge of the properties of the metals and using good judgment and common sense will assist you in controlling or avoiding potential fires/reactions.

26. This label shows that this extinguisher can be used on ordinary combustibles (A) or flammable liquids (B). The red slash through the last symbol tells you that the extinguisher cannot be used on electrical fires (C). Multi-Class Ratings   New Style of Labeling Old Style of Labeling Be advised that most fire extinguishers will function for less than 40 seconds . Many extinguishers available today can be used on different types of fires and will be labeled with more than one designator, e.g. A-B, B-C, or A-B-C.

27. 10 Tips on How and When to Use a Fire Extinguisher Most fires start small. Except for explosions, fires can usually be brought under control if they are attacked correctly with the right type and size of extinguisher within the first 2 minutes! A fire extinguisher should be "listed and labeled" by an independent testing laboratory. The higher the rating number on an A or B extinguisher, the more fire it can put out. Be careful, high-rated units are often heavier models. Make sure you can hold and operate the model you are using. 1 2

28. The operator must know how to use the extinguisher quickly without taking time to read directions during an emergency. Remember that the extinguishers need care and must be recharged after every use. 3 4 Before attempting to fight a small fire, be sure everyone is out of the area. Ensure someone has called the fire department. If the fire starts to spread or threatens your escape path, get out immediately!

29. IF YOU FIGHT A FIRE, REMEMBER THE WORD P A S S P ULL . . . A IM . . . S QUEEZE . . . S WEEP AIM ... low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle (or it's horn or hose) at the base of the fire. PULL ... the pin. Some extinguishers require releasing a lock latch, pressing a puncture lever or other motion. 5 6

30. Read and follow the directions on your extinguisher. If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to fight a fire – DON’T! Get out and close the door behind you. SQUEEZE ... the handle. This releases the extinguishing agent. 7 8 9 SWEEP ... from side to side at the base of the fire until it appears to be out. Watch the fire area in case fire breaks out again, and repeat use of extinguisher if necessary.

31. Remember! Your Safety Comes First When in doubt, leave the fire fighting to the professionals

32. Thank you!!!!!!!!