Five kingdom classification

Five kingdom classification

1. Five kingdom classification Sankrita Gaonkar Assistant Professor in Botany [email protected]

2. Contents Five kingdom classification General characteristics of kingdoms References

3. Five kingdom classification Proposed by R.H. Wittaker in 1969. Criteria for classification: Complexity of cell structure – prokaryote, eukaryote Complexity of organism – unicellular, multicellular Mode of nutrition – autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes Robert Harding Wittaker 1920-1980

4. Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Five Kingdom

5. Comparison between 5 kingdoms Parameters Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Cell Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Except yeast Multicellular Nucleus absent Present Present Present Present Organelle absent Present Present Present Present Cell wall Present In some absent In some present Present Present Absent Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Saprophytic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Saprophytic Autotrophic Saprophytic Heterotrophic

6. Monera: All prokaryotic organisms Primitive nucleus Organelles absent – no membrane bound structures Enzymes present in cyctoplasm Occurrence – varied habitats – very cold, hot water spring, inside living body as endosymbionts Divided into 3 classes based on habitat: 1) Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria – survive in extreme conditions 2) Eubacteria – true bacteria – modern bacteria 3) Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic bacteria 4) Mycoplasma – PPLO ( Pleuro Pneumonia like Organisms) – smallest cell without cell wall Shape – cocci (round), bacillus (oval), vibrio (comma-shaped), spirullum (spiral), mycelial (thread-like).

7. General characteristics of 5 kingdoms: Monera: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms Microscopic in nature Some have cell wall Cell wall – peptidoglycan Mode of nutrition – autotrophic, heterotrophic (parasites), saprophytic Reproduction – sexual, asexual

8. Protista: Unicellular eukaryotes Primarily aquatic Divided into 3 classes: 1) Photosynthetic protists – autotrophs a) Chrysophyta – golden algae – eg. Diatoms (siliceous skeleton) b) Pyrrophyta – fire algae – bioluminescence – eg. Dinoflagellates c) Euglenophyta – connecting link between plants and animals – eg. Euglena 2) Saprophytic protists – slime moulds – plasmodium 3) Protozoan protists – heterotrophs a) Sarcodina – amoeboid protists (locomotion by pseudopodia) – eg. Amoeba b) Ciliata - - eg. Paramoecium c) Flagellata or zooflagellate – eg. Trypanosoma d) Sprozoa – no locomotive structure, endoparasite – eg. Plasmodium

9. Fungi: Eukaryotic, multicellular (except yeast) organisms Filamentous structure – except in yeast Consists of long thread-like structure called hyphae (together form mesh-like structure – mycelium ) Cell wall – chitin Mode of nutrition – saprophytic – parasitic or symbiotic Reproduction – sexual and asexual Plantae: All eukaryotes and multicellular Have chloroplast Cell wall – cellulosic Mode of nutrition – autotrophic Reproduction – sexual and asexual

10. Animalia: All multicellular eukaryotes Cell wall absent Mode of nutrition – heterotrophic Reproduction – mostly sexual

11. Merits of 5 kingdom classification: Prokaryotes differ from all other living organisms in their cellular structure Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept separately Fungi are placed in separate kingdom as their mode of nutrition differs Better than 2 kingdom classification Demerits of 5 kingdom classification: Unicellular algae are kept in protista , whereas multicellular algae are kept in plantae – similar organisms must be kept together No place for viruses and lichens Mycoplasma differ from bacteria but are kept in same kingdom

12. References https://www.wifistudy.com/assets/frontend/pdf/capsule/1550491618_english.pdf https://www.vedantu.com/biology/five-kingdoms-classification