Flame Photometry (1).pptx pharmaceutıcal analysıs

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1. Flame Photometry By Abrar Ahmad

2. Topic Outcomes To introduce the fundamental of Flame Photometry Understanding the Principle of Flame Photometry Knowledge about types of flame and their fuels Learning of different optical components

3. Evaluation of Previous Knowledge

4. Basic Chemistry Concepts Havi a good understanding of fundamental chemistry concepts, Atomic structure, electronic configuration, and the periodic table. Familiar with concepts such as ionization, electron transitions, and energy levels.

5. Analytical Techniques Knowledge of analytical techniques, especially those related to spectroscopy and atomic emission. Basic understanding of how spectrometers work and the principles behind atomic emission spectroscopy.

6. Flame Photometry Basics Familiarity with the basic principles of flame photometry, such as the excitation and emission processes that occur in a flame. Verify if they understand the role of the flame in atomizing and exciting the sample.

7. Instrumentation Have a basic understanding of the components of a flame photometer Including the burner, nebulizer, and detector. Check if they know the significance of each component in the instrument setup.

8. Applications Knowledge of the applications of flame photometry, such as its use in analyzing alkali and alkaline earth metal ions. Awareness of the limitations and advantages of flame photometry compared to other analytical techniques

9. Safety Precautions Confirm understand the safety precautions associated with flame photometry, E specially those related to working with flames and chemicals . Wear appropriate laboratory attire, including a lab coat, safety goggles, and gloves, to protect against flame heat and burn.

10. History of Flame Photometry Bowling Barnes, David Richardson, John Berry, and Robert Hood designed a device in the 1980s for detecting low sodium and potassium concentrations in a solution . This apparatus was given the name Flame Photometer. The flame photometer principle is based on measuring the intensity of emitted light when a metal is introduced into the flame.

11. History of Flame Photometry The wavelength of the color indicates the element, and the color of the flame indicates the amount of the element contained in the sample. Earlier, the presence of metal elements in samples aspirated into a flame was detected. The modern analytical Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy i.e. Flame Photometry was founded by Lundegardh in 1934.

12. Introduction Also known flame atomic emission spectrometry ( FAES ) or flame photometric analysis ( FPA ) U sed to determine concentration of certain metal ions in a sample. M ethod relies on the characteristic emission of light by excited metal atoms when they return to their ground state from an excited state in a flame.

13. Importance Holds importance in various industries and scientific fields. A pplications in environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, pharmaceutical analysis, agricultural research E nables researchers and analysts to determine presence and concentration of elements like sodium, potassium, calcium, and lithium, among others.

14. The basic working principle The flame photometry principle is based on measuring the intensity of the emitted light when a metal is introduced into the flame. The color of the wavelength and its intensity both reveal information about the elements present in the given sample and their relative concentrations, respectively .

15. basic working principle When alkali and alkali earth metal compounds are placed into the flame, they break down into atoms. These neutral atoms receive energy from thermal energy and are then stimulated to a higher energy level. However , they are not stable at greater energy levels .

16. basic working principle As a result, these atoms, which are unstable at greater levels, return to the ground state. When these atoms return to their ground state, they emit radiation of a specific wavelength, primarily in the visible range.

17. basic Analysis Method When a solution containing a significant amount of the metal is injected into the flame, the following events occur in fast succession: Liquid sample  →  Formation of droplets →  Fine residue → Formation of neutral atoms →   Excitation of atoms by thermal energy  →  Emission of radiation of specific wavelength

18. basic Analysis Method The wavelength of the emitted radiation is given by the following equation: As we know,  E 2  – E 1 = hc / λ Therefore, wavelength λ= hc / E 2 -E 1 Where, h= Planks constant c= velocity of light E 2 = energy level at an excited state E 1 = energy level at ground state

19. basic Analysis Method The intensity of the emission is directly proportional to the number of atoms which return to the ground state from the excited state from the higher levels . The amount of light emitted is proportional to the concentration of the given sample .

20. Qualitative Analysis The wavelength of the radiation emitted is characteristic of the elements and is used to identify the elements (Qualitative Analysis). There is a specific wavelength for each of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals which is shown in the table below:

21. Examples of some metals Element Wavelength emitted Flame colour Lithium 670 nm Red Sodium 589 nm Yellow Potassium 766 nm Violet Calcium 622 nm Orange Barium 554 nm Lime green

22. INSTRUMENTATION

23. Primary components Flame Source Nebulizer Detector

24. Flame Source Burner Critical component, sample solution introduced into flame Different types, premixed or diffusion burners Flame For Sample, where it undergoes atomization, excitation, and subsequent emission of light. Type used (air-acetylene, air-propane, or nitrous oxide-acetylene )

25. Mechanics of Flame source A burner serves as a source of flame. It can be kept in a stable form and at a stable temperature. As an oxidant, flame photometry uses a number of fuels, primarily air, oxygen, or nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The temperature of the flame is affected by the fuel-oxidant ratio

26. Common Fuels Acetylene (C2H2): Flame Temperature: Around 2,500°C (4,532°F) Use: Often used as a fuel gas in flame photometry due to its high flame temperature and reducing nature. It is commonly paired with air or oxygen. Hydrogen (H2): Flame Temperature: Around 2,000°C (3,632°F) Use: Hydrogen is another common fuel in flame photometry. It is often used with air or oxygen and provides a high-temperature flame.

27. Common Oxidants Air (O2 and N2 mixture): Flame Temperature: Depends on the fuel used; for example, with acetylene, the flame temperature is around 2,500°C. Use: Air is commonly used as an oxidant in flame photometry. It is convenient and cost-effective. However , it may introduce nitrogen compounds into the flame, leading to potential interference.

28. Common Oxidants Oxygen (O2): Flame Temperature: Similar to air; around 2,500°C with acetylene. Use: Oxygen is a high-purity oxidant that can be used in flame photometry to avoid introducing nitrogen compounds. It is often used with acetylene. Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Flame Temperature: Around 2,700°C (4,892°F) Use: Nitrous oxide can be used as an oxidant in flame photometry, especially with fuels like acetylene. It provides a high-temperature flame and can reduce interferences from nitrogen compounds.

29. Nebulizer Responsible for converting liquid sample into fine mist or aerosol Increasing surface area for efficient atomization P neumatic nebulization or ultrasonic nebulization, to create a fine mist from the liquid sample. Uniform and efficient introduction of sample into flame for accurate analysis.

30. Optical System Monochromator A llows specific wavelengths corresponding to the elements of interest to be isolated for measurement. Photodetector Photodetector , photomultiplier tube (PMT) or photodiode array (PDA), D etects intensity of emitted light at selected wavelength

31. Optical system components The optical system is made up of three parts: A convex mirror, a lens, and a filter. Convex mirror aids in the transmission and focus of light emitted by the atoms. As a result, it functions as an interference type color filter.

32. Optical System The convex lens aids in focusing light on a point known as the slit. Mirror reflections flow through the slit and reach the filters. This will separate the wavelength to be measured from any other unwanted emissions.

33. Detector M easure intensity of light emitted by excited metal atoms Emitted light is specific to metal being analyzed and occurs at characteristic wavelengths C an be equipped with a monochromator or set of filters to isolate the specific wavelengths of light emitted by the metal atoms

34. Detector Measuring intensity of the emitted light, photometer quantifies concentration of metal ions in sample solution Sensitivity and precision are crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable analytical results

35. Amplifier / Readout Device The amplifier is used in order to amplify the signals from the detector which is then received by the readout.   It reads the quantitative data and information regarding alkali or alkaline earth metals.

36. Questions and Discussion

37. qUESTIONS