Florence Nightingale theory for 1st semester .pptx

explanation and model of the theory i detail

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL

2. Born in Florence, Italy 12 May 1820 Named Florence, after the city she was born in Born to very wealthy, educated parents • Traveled extensively, owned multiple estates

3. Returned to England in 1821 Well Educated Father believed women should have a strong education Florence and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history and mathematics. Florence especially excelled in mathematics.

4. In 1837, when she was 17, she felt a “calling” to help people She visited sick people at their homes Her parents wanted her to get married She had other ideas and travelled in Europe looking at hospitals

5. Hospitals in 1830’s Often people who went into hospital died They were Dirty Badly run Nurses didn’t know what to do

6. Florence Nightingale Parents did not want her to become a nurse She studied medicine books herself for years She was 30 when her parents let her go to Germany and Paris to study nursing

7. Introduction to Nursing Spent three months at Kaiserwerth training as a sick nurse Upon returning home, she inspected hospitals in London, Edinburgh and Dublin In 1853, she accepted her first administrative post where she became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentlewomen.

8. Crimean War 1854 Reports of the sufferings of the sick and wounded in English camps inspired Florence to enlist her services She was offered “plenary authority over all nurses and the fullest assistance and cooperation from medical staff.”

9. Upon Arrival ~ Florence’s volunteers were inexperienced and the behavior of the orderlies was offensive to women ~ Poor sanitation, cholera, typhus, frost-bite and lack of supplies, etc. led to over 2,000 sick and wounded in the hospital in 1855 with death rate rising to 42%. Doctors and nurses died as well due to conditions. “There were no vessels for water or utensils of any kind; no soap, no towels, or clothes, no hospital clothes; the men lying in their uniforms, stiff and gore and covered with filth to a degree and a kind no one should write about; their person covered with vermin…” (Florence Nightingale and volunteers)

10. Making a Difference Florence collected data, kept impeccable records and systematically used statistics to demonstrate the effects of poor sanitation and surgical practices on death rates. Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East (1858) With simple education, she was able to bring down the death rate from 42% to 2% in six months.

11. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Founder of educated and scientific  nursing   Widely known as "The Lady with the Lamp", wrote the first nursing notes that became the basis of nursing practice and research.

12. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE The notes, entitled  Notes on Nursing: What it is, What is not (1860), listed some of her theories that have served as foundations of nursing practice -including the succeeding  conceptual frameworks  and  theories   Nightingale is considered the first nursing theorist. One of her theories was the  Environmental Theory , which incorporated the restoration of the usual health status of the nurse's clients into the delivery of health care .

13. Nightingale’s Nursing Theory The first published nursing theory (1860) Persons are in relation with the environment Stresses the healing properties of the physical environment (fresh air, light, warmth, and cleanliness) Nursing puts patients in the “best conditions” for nature to act upon them Health is “the positive of which the pathology is the negative” “ Nature alone cures”

14. ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL When one or more aspects of the environment are out of balance, the client must use increased energy to counter the environmental stress. This stress drains the client of energy needed for healing.

15. Theory basis : the inter-relationship of a healthful environment with nursing External influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death Theory goal : Nurses help patients retain their own vitality by meeting their basic needs through control of the environment Nursing’s Focus : control of the environment for individuals, families & the community

16. ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL Major component of Nursing care is manipulation of the physical environment. Major areas of the environment that a Nurse can control include; Health of houses Ventilation and warming Light Noise Variety Bed and bedding Cleanliness of rooms and walls Personal cleanliness Nutrition and taking food Chattering hopes and advices Social considerations

17. Client & environment in balance

18. Client expending unnecessary energy

19. HEALTH OF HOUSES Closely related to presence of pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and light. Badly constructed houses do for health, what badly constructed hospitals do for the sick.

20. Ventilation and warming Patient should not be too warm or too cold. Temperature to be appropriately controlled. Concerned about noxious air or effluvia – foul odours – bedpans, urinals & other utensils to discard excrement.

21. Light Second to fresh air the sick needed light Believed light has quite real and tangible effects upon the human body.

22. Noise Patients should never be wakened intentionally or accidentally during the first part of sleep. Whispered or long conversations about patients are thoughtless and cruel.

23. Variety Variety in the environment was a critical aspect affecting the patient’s recovery. Need for changes in colour and form – bright coloured flowers etc. Effect of mind on body. Advocated reading, needle work, writing and activities to relive boredom.

24. Bed and bedding Adult in health exhales about 3 pints of moisture through lungs and skin in 24 hrs. This organic matter enters the sheets and stays there unless the bedding is changed and aired frequently. Bed to be placed in the lightest part of the room and to be so that patient could see out of the window. Nurse to keep bedding clean, neat and dry and to position patient for maximum comfort.

25. Cleanliness of rooms and walls Greatest part of nursing consists in preserving cleanliness. Removal of dust – using damp cloth

26. Personal cleanliness Unwashed skin poisoned the patient and bathing & drying the skin provided great relief to the patient Personal cleanliness extends to the nurse and every nurse ought to wash her hands very frequently during the day.

27. Nutrition and taking food Importance of variety in the food Small servings may be more beneficial to a patient than large breakfast or dinner Right food be brought at right time and be taken away eaten or uneaten at the right time

28. Chattering hopes and advices To falsely cheer the sick by making light of their illness and its danger is not helpful Sick persons should hear good news that would assist them in becoming healthier

29. Social considerations She assured petty management – ways to assure that “ what you do when you are there, shall be done when you are not there” Importance of “ observing the sick” Importance of looking beyond the individual to the social environment in which he or she lived

30. Types of environment Physical Psychological Social

31. Physical environment Physical Environment Consists of physical elements where the patient is being treated Affects all other aspects of the environment Cleanliness of environment relates directly to disease prevention and patient mortality Aspects of the physical environment influence the social and psychological environments of the person

32. Psychological environment Psychological Environment Can be affected by a negative physical environment which then causes STRESS Requires various activities to keep the mind active ( i.e , manual work, appealing food, a pleasing environment) Involves communication with the person, about the person, and about other people communication should be therapeutic, soothing, & unhurried!

33. Social environment Social Environment Involves collecting data about illness and disease prevention Includes components of the physical environment - clean air, clean water, proper drainage Consists of a person’s home or hospital room, as well as the total community that affects the patient’s specific environment

34. 5 Major Components of a Healthful Environment Proper ventilation Adequate light Sufficient warmth Control of noise Control of effluvia (noxious odors)

35. Assumptions Nightingale (1860/1957/1969) believed that five points were essential in achieving a healthful house: “pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and light.” A healthy environment is essential for healing. She stated that “nature alone cures.” Nurses must make accurate observations of their patients and be able to report the state of the patient to the physician in an orderly manner. Nursing is an art, whereas medicine is a science. Nurses are to be loyal to the medical plan, but not servile.

36. Nightingale’s Theory & Nursing’s Metaparadigm - PERSON Not defined by nightingale specifically PERSON Referred to by Nightingale as “the patient” A human being acted upon by a nurse, or affected by the environment

37. Nightingale’s Theory & Nursing’s Metaparadigm - ENVIRONMENT The foundational component of Nightingale’s theory Physical environment is stressed – light etc The external conditions & forces that affect one’s life and development

38. Nightingale’s Theory & Nursing’s Metaparadigm - HEALTH Did not define health specifically Maintained by controlling the environmental factors so as to prevent disease Disease is viewed as a reparative process instituted by nature Health & disease are the focus of the nurse Nurses help patients through their healing process Nature alone cures

39. NURSING What nursing has to do ………is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him. Nursing ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth,cleanliness,quiet and the proper selection and administration of diet – all at the least expense of vital power to the patient. The art of nursing is to unmake what God has made disease to be – a reparative process.

40. The Analysis Simplicity:  The theory is simply explained as the nurse, patient and environment interacts with each other. The roles of environmental management to patient recovery is greatly emphasized. Her care focus on eating patterns and food preferences of the patients, provision of comfort, protection from emotional distress and conservation of energy. Generality:  The universality of the concepts provide general guidelines and is still applicable and relevant today. Empirical Precision:  The theory is stated completely and presented facts. She uses quantitative research method. She focus on observation and experiences rather than systematic empirical research. Derivable Consequences:  Measures of independence and accuracy of care. Nurse-patient relationship towards wellness, environmental manipulation and psychological care.

41. Criticisms She emphasized subservience to doctors. She focused more on physical factors than on psychological needs of patient

42. Importance of Environmental Theory Practice 1. Disease control 2. Sanitation and water treatment 3. Utilized by modern architecture in the prevention of "sick building syndrome" applying the principles of ventilation and good lighting. 4. Waste disposal 5. Control of room temperature. 6. Noise management. Education 1. Principles of nursing training. Better practice result from better education. 2. Skills measurement through licensing by the use of testing methods, the case studies. Research 1. Use of graphical representations like the polar diagrams. 2. Notes on nursing.

43. Conclusion Florence Nightingale provided a professional model for nursing organization. She was the first to use a theoretical foundation to nursing. Her thoughts have influenced nursing significantly