Fodder technologies Dr Suheel Ahmad NADCL Dairy.pptx

An overview of Fodder Technologies

1. Suheel Ahmad ICAR-IGFRI , RRS, Srinagar, J & K – 191132 [email protected] [email protected] Ph/Fax: [phone] 7006929670 Advances in Fodder Production Innovations for Sustainable Dairy Farming

2. Need for fodder technologies The livestock sector represents around a third of agricultural GDP in most countries. Low productivity of livestock owing to fodder deficit (accounts for 50-60 %), genetic improvement, health management The limited land endowments make it difficult for the farmer to earmark adequate land for fodder cultivation. ( Wani et al., 2014; Ahmad et al, 2017) The possibility of increased forage production by bringing additional area under fodder cultivation are limited and it is therefore, imperative that continuous efforts are made to augment forage resource availability through other niche areas.

3. There has been greater demand for livestock products globally as human populations increase and their dietary preferences change. In the past three decades, production and consumption of livestock products in developing countries has grown at 3-5% p.a. By 2050, total meat and milk consumption in developing countries is expected to at least double. These trends present both opportunities and challenges for livestock production sytems.

4. Agriculture & allied sector share in Total GDP (%) 17.32 Livestock contribution to Agriculture GDP (%) 25.6 Growth rate of Agriculture sector in 12 th Plan (%) (in first 4 years) 1.60 Growth rate of Livestock in 11 th Plan (%) 4.80 Milk production (2015-16) in million tonnes 155.50 Per capita milk availability in India (2015-16) in gms/day 337.00 Facts of Indian Livestock sector

5. P rojected livestock population estimates (million Adult Cattle Unit, ACU ) ** Source: Livestock census published by the Directorate of Economic & Statistics and Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying

6. ** Source: IGFRI Vision 2050

7. FEED SUPPLY SYSTEM Feed and fodder are the major important inputs representing 50-75% of the total cost of production in any livestock production Milk production in India is increasing at a faster rate But feed and fodder resources are depleting due to increased human population, urbanization and pressure on land to grow cereal and cash crops Have led to qualitative and quantitative insufficiency of feed and fodder resources.

8. Low productivity of Livestock Average yield of milk and meat: 20-60% lower than world average Responsible Factors: Feed & Fodder deficiency - 50.2% Breeding & reproduction - 21.1% Diseases Management - 7.9% - 10.5%

9. Kharif ( 15 June to 15 October ) / Summer season ( 15 February to 15 June ) a. Non legume: Maize ( Zea mays ), Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor), Pearlmillet ( Pennisetum typhoids ) b . Legume: Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ), Cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonaloba ) II) Rabi season ( 15 October to 15 February ) a. Non legume: Oats ( Avena sativa), Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) b. Legume: Berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum ), Lucerne ( Medicago sativa) III) Perennial grasses: N-B hybrid, Guinea grass, Setaria , etc Important fodder crops

10. MULTIPRONGED APPROACH for INCREASING FODDER PRODUCTION Strategies to increase forage production per unit area Encouraging forage production in mixed farming systems Exploitation of waste lands, denuded, degraded, marginal and sub marginal lands for the development of pastures and agro-forestry systems Strategies for efficient utilization of available resources , like crop residues, non-conventional feeds and fodders Need of a National Fodder Mission

11. ANNUAL FODDER CROPS Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) Varieties: Single cut (SC)- PC-6, 9, 23, HC-136, 171, 260, UP Chari-1, 2, Double cut (DC)- CO-27 & Multicut (MC)- MP Chari, Meethisudan, Pioneer-988, Hara sona Seed rate and sowing: Seed rate- 35-45 kg & sowing time- March-Aug. Spacing- 25-30 x 10-15 cm

12. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): SC- 60:30:30, DC- 60:60:60 & MC- 70:30:30, 40 kg N after each cut) Weed management: Atrazine (PE) - 0.5 kg ai/ha (Pure crop), Alachlor- 1 kg ai/ha (Intercrop), 2,4-D (PoE)- 0.75 kg ai/ha (for BLW) Pest and disease management: Diseases - Anthracnose, Downy mildew, Grey leaf spot, Maydis leaf blight, Charcoal rot, Rust, Ergot Insects - Shoot-fly, Stem borer, Aphids, Sorghum midge, Cut worms, Leaf roller Harvesting and yield (q/ha): SC- at 50% flowering stage (60 DAS) MC- First cut 40 DAS and subsequent cut at 30 days Yield - SC- 300-500 & MC- 500-900

13. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum typhoides ) Varieties: SC- Raj bajra chari-2, CO-8, NDFB-2 DC- Avika bajra-1 MC- Giant bajra, Pro agro-1 Seed rate and sowing: Seed rate- 10 kg/ha, Sowing- March-Aug Spacing- 25-30 x 10-15 cm

14. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): SC- 60:30:30 kg N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O/ha MC- 70:30:30 (40 kg N after each cut) Weed management: Atrazine (PE) - 0.5 kg ai/ha (Pure crop), Alachlor- 1 kg ai/ha (Intercrop), 2,4-D (PoE)- 0.75 kg ai/ha (for BLW) Pest and disease management: Diseases- Downy mildew, Smut, Rust, Leaf spots Insects- Shoot-fly, Stem borer, Army worm, Cut worms Harvesting and yield (q/ha): stage (60 DAS) MC- First cut 40 DAS, subsequent cut 30 days Yield (q/ha) - SC- 250-350 MC- 400-600

15. Maize ( Zea mays) Varieties: All india- African tall, Vijay, moti, jawahar, manjari Punjab- J-1006 South- APFM-8 NW zone- Pratapmakka chari-6 Seed rate and sowing: Seed rate- 35-45 kg/ha Sowing- March- July Spacing- 25-30x10-15 cm

16. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 100:40:00 (N- two split application) 10-15 kg Zn/ha Weed management: Atrazine (PE) - 0.5 kg ai/ha (Pure crop) Alachlor- 1 kg ai/ha (Intercrop) 2,4-D (PoE)- 0.75 kg ai/ha (for BLW) Topramezone @ 33.6 g a.i/ha at 20 DAS Pest and disease management: Diseases- Downy mildew, Bacterial stalk rot, Maydis leaf blight, Rust, Leaf spots Insects- Shootfly, Stem borer, Army worm, Cut worms Harvesting and yield (q/ha): Harvest at silk- milk stage Yield- 400-800

17. Cowpea/Lobia ( Vigna unguiculata ) Varieties : All india- UPC-5286, Bundel lobia-1 NWC Zone- IFC-8503, EC-4216, Bundel lobia-2, Hill zone- UPC-618, UPC-622, UPC-4200 Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- March-july Seed rate- 35-40 kg/ha Spacing- 30x15 cm

18. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 25 : 50 : 20 Weed management: Pendimethalin (PE) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha Fluchloralin (PPI) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha Imezethapyr (POE) @ Pest and disease management: Pest- Gram pod borer, Aphids, Leaf hopper, Pod bugs, Blister beetle Disease - Anthracnose, Asochyta blight, Brown rust, wilt, Powdery mildew, Brown blotch Harvesting and yield (q/ha): Rainy- 50% flowering (60 DAS) Summer- 70 DAS Yield- 250-300

19. Guar /Clusterbean ( Cyamopsis tetragonaloba) Varieties : All India- FS-227, HFG-110, HFG-156, Bundel guar-1, 2, 3 NW zone- Guara-80 Western Rajasthan- Maru guar Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- March-July, Seed rate- 30-35 kg/ha Spacing- 30 x15 cm

20. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 25 : 50 : 20 Weed management: Pendimethalin (PE) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha, Fluchloralin (PPI) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha Imezethapyr (POE) @ Pest and disease management: Pest- Gram pod borer,Aphids, Leaf hopper, Pod bugs, Blister beetle Disease- Anthracnose, Asochyta blight, Brown rust, wilt, Powdery mildew Harvesting: Flowering- pod formation (60-75 DAS)

21. Oat (Jai) Avena sativa Varieties: All India- HFO- 114, Kent, UPO-94, UPO-212, Bundel jai- 851, Bundel jai-2004; Central-west zone- Bundel jai- 822, 992, 2001-3; Hilly zone- Bundel jai- 99- 1, IGFRI-S-54; Multicut- UPO-94, JHO-86, JHO-851, PO- 3, RO-19 Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- Oct-Nov Seed rate- 80-100 (k Spacing- 25 x 10 c g/ h a) m

22. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): SC- 80:40:00, DC: 120:40:00 & MC- 180:60:40 (40 kg N after each cut) Weed management: 2,4-D (PoE)- 0.5 kg ai/ha (for BLW), Metsulfuron methyl @ 8 gm ai/ha (broad spectrum), pendimethalin (PE) 0.75 kg a.i/ha Pest and disease management: Disease- Root rot, leaf blotch Pest- Aphid, Thrips Control- Dimethoate 30 EC @0.03% Harvesting: SC- at 50% flowering MC- First cut- 60 DAS, subsequent cuts- 45 days Yield (q/ha) - SC- 300-400 DC- 400-500 MC- 500-600

23. Berseem Trifolium alexandrinum Varieties: All India- Mescavi, Wardan Central- JB-1, 2, 3, UPB-110, BB-2 Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- Oct-Nov Seed rate- 25-30 kg/ha) Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 25: 80: 40

24. Weed management: For cuscuta- Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1.5 kg ai/ha Diquat @ 6-8 kg ai/ha Pest and disease management: Diseases- Downy mildew, Rust, Anthracnose, Crown warts , Leaf spots, , Powdery mildew, Mosaic Insects- Weevil, Hairy caterpillar, Aphid, Leaf hoppers Harvesting: First cut at 50- 55 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days Yield (q/ha)- 700-1100

25. Lucerne/ Rizka ( Medicago sativa) Varieties: All India- RL-88 North zone- Sirsa, T-9 WC zone- Anand-2 South zone- CO-1 Hill zone- Anand-3 Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- Oct-Nov Seed rate- 20-25 kg/ha Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 20: 60: 40

26. Weed management: Dipping in 10% salt solution for chicory removal. Pest and disease management: Diseases- Root rot, Stem rot, Leaf spots. Insects- Gram caterpillar, Harvesting: First cut at 50- 55 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days

27. PERENNIAL FORAGES BN Hybrid ( P. glaucum x P. purpureum) Varieties: All India- NB-21; South- CO-1, 2, 3, APBN-1; NC zone- IGFRI BN-3 Maharashtra- Yashwant; Punjab- PBN- 83; Acid soil- IGFRI- 7, Saline soil- IGFRI- 10 Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- Feb-Sep Seed rate- 35000 slips or cuttings/ha Spacing- 75 x 50 cm

28. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 60:50:40 (Basal). 30 kg N after each cut. Weed management: 2,4-D (PoE)- 1 kg ai/ha (for BLW) Pest and disease management: Diseases- Downy mildew, Smut, Rust, Leaf spots Insects- Shootfly, Stem borer, Army worm, Cut worms Harvesting and yield (q/ha): First cut at 60- 65 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days Yield- 800-2000

29. Guinea grass Panicum maximum Varieties: All India (rainfed)- Bundel guinea-1, 2; South- CO-1, 2, Hamil Central- Hamil, PGG-14 Hill- PGG-1, 9 Seed rate and sowing: Sowing- Feb- July Seed- 3-4 kg/ha or 40000 seedlings Spacing-50 x 50 cm

30. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha): 60:50:40 (Basal). 30 kg N after each cut. Pest and disease management: Leaf spot Harvesting and yield (q/ha): First cut at 60- 65 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days Yield- 800-1500

31. Production Technology (Arable land)

32. Fodder production in Irrigated Arable land Annual based : Sorghum (multi- cut)+ Cowpea – Berseem) Production potential: 172.0 t/ha/year green fodder (32.3 tDM/ha) Adoption area: Whole India (except south India) Clientele group: Periurban and milkshed areas Water requirement: 1820 mm Livestocks support: 5-6 ACU B:C Ratio: 1.67

33. Fodder production in Irrigated Arable land Production potential: 273 t/ha/year green fodder (44.3t/DM) Adoption area: Whole India except south India Clientele group : Periurban and milkshed areas Water requirement: 1090 mm Livestocks support : 7-8 ACU B:C Ratio: 2.41 Perenn i al b ased : BN hybr i d + (cowpea - berseem) Mechanized production system Manual production system

34. Production potential: Grain- 2.5 t/ha, Green fodder – 17 t/ha Adoption area: Semi arid region Clientele group: Small and medium farmers Targeted area: up to 500 mm rainfall (UP, MP, Maharastra, Gujarat) Livestock support: 2-3 milch animals B:C Ratio: 1.57 Annual based: Sorghum (Grain) + cowpea (Fodder) Fodder production in Rainfed Arable land

35. Perenial based: Subabul + Tri-specific hybrid ( Pennisitum purpureum X P. squamulatum X P. glaucum ) - sorghum (fodder) + pigeon pea (grain) Production potential : 53.3 t/ha green fodder grain -0.4 t/ha Adoption area: Whole India Clientele group : Small and medium farmers Targeted area: up to 500 mm rainfall Livestock support: 2-3 milch animals (Green fodder- 30t, Silage – 15t ) B:C Ratio: 2.59 Fodder production in Rainfed Arable land

36. Production Technology (Non-Arable land)

37. Pakar based SPS Morus based SPS Acacia based SPS Ficus based SPS Morus based SPS Acacia based SPS Silvipasture systems (SPS) 26 th RAC Meeting 24/07/2021 40 Dry matter production from trees: 10.2 t ha -1 Dry matter production from pasture: 26 t ha -1 B-C ratio: 2.85 Soil C sequestration : 13.32 Mg ha -1 Ecorestoration efficiency: 11.65 Dry matter production from trees: 9.05 t ha -1 Dry matter production from pasture: 33 t ha -1 B-C ratio: 2.98 Soil C sequestration : 15.63 Mg ha -1 Ecorestoration efficiency: 19.81 Dry matter production from trees: 7.98 t ha -1 Dry matter production from pasture: 33 t ha -1 B-C ratio: 3.04 Soil C sequestration : 15.93 Mg ha -1 Ecorestoration efficiency: 23.46

38. Aonla based HPS Guava based HPS Aonla based hortipasture system Guava based hortipasture system Dry matter production: 7.31 t ha -1 Fruit production: 8.83 t ha -1 B-C ratio: 2.78 Soil C sequestration : 37.23 Mg ha -1 Dry matter production: 6.0 t ha -1 Fruit production: 10.46 t ha -1 B-C ratio:3.23 Soil C sequestration : 38.71 Mg ha -1

39. Highest green fodder yield of 45.64 t/ha and dry fodder yield of 11.41 t/ha was recorded when Phalaris aquatica was intercropped with almond. The treatment Phalaris + almond exhibited highest weed control efficiency (79.85 %) and minimum weed count of 10.64m -2. In mulberry based silvopastoral systems, maximum forage yield (20.29 t DM ha -1 ) was observed under the tertiary mixture comprising Phalaris + orchard grass + sainfoin + mulberry which was followed by Phalaris + sainfoin + mulberry (17.28 t DM ha -1 ), whereas minimum fodder yield (6.24 t DM ha -1 ) were observed under the control treatment (natural vegetation). In orchard grass, fertilizer dose @ 100 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O/ha recorded maximum growth parameters (plant height: 126.67 cm ​; no. of tillers per m row length; 512.33; leaf-stem ratio; 1.81), GFY (29.85 t/ha) and DFY (11.35 t/ha), while seed rate @ 16 kg/ha in 30 cm row spacing recorded higher GFY (27.83 t/ha). Forage resource augmentation through horti/silvipastoral systems Phalaris + almond based hortipastoral system at RRS Srinagar (GFY 45-50 tonnes oer hectare) Mulberry + Sainfoin at RRS Srinagar (GFY 45-50 tonnes per hectare)

40. Collaboration: KVK, Chintamani Orientation program: One for 40 farmers 10 villages of two districts (Kolar and Chickballapur) Fodder crops : Perennial fodder sorghum (CoFS-29), Bajra Napier hybrid (DHN-6), Guinea (BG-1,BG-2) Benefits: Greed Fodder shortage reduced from 56.25% to 17.5% Dry fodder shortage reduced from 48% to 15% Hortipasture : Inter-row spaces in Mango orchards of farmers

41. Moringa as fodder source Planting /Sowing June-Sept. Spacing 30*30 cm / 50*50 cm Soil and Climate Requirement Well drained sandy loamy soil is most suitable. Adopted to both tropical & subtropical climate Fertilizer management ( N:P:K kg/ha ) 150:60:40 Weed management Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.25 litre /ha Harvesting Schedule/ Cutting management 45-60 days Cutting height (cm) 30-50 cm Popular varieties PKM-1 & PKM-2 Green fodder yield (q/ha) 800-1000 Nutritional Composition Moringa Napier Fodder Sugarcane Crude protein (%) 21 - 23 8 - 10 10-11 NDF (%) 30 - 33 68 - 70 64-76 ADF (%) 19 - 23 40 - 46 37-44 Minerals (%) 9 - 12 10 - 12 10-12 Cellulose (%) 16 - 18 37 - 40 23-38

42. Rainfall Productivity SWC measure : Carrying capacity: Grazing period : B: C : : 300-400 mm : 5-7 t DM/ha Staggered trenches 2.0 ACU/ha Aug to Jan 1: 1.5 Fodder production systems in non arable lands Hardwickia binata + Anjan based Silvipasture system Green forage : July- Nov (2.5 to 3.5 t) Tree leaves & Grass Hay (2.5 to 3.5 t) : Dec-June

43. Jan. to June Feb. to April July to Dec. (Green fodder) March- April (Grazing) Tree Shrub Grass / l egu m e Fodder availability month during Year Out of total system productivity of 10t/yr percentage of different component 21% 15% 64% Fodder availability from three tier silvipasture system For small ruminants

44. Category of farmers No. of holdings (million) Total bunds length (million meter) Marginal 92.4 11391 Small 24.7 5886 Semi-medium 13.8 4543 Medium 5.9 2832 Large 1.0 834 Total bund length available in India If 10 % Farm Bunds utilized: Additionally 17.8 mt green fodder production/year Perennial grasses viz., NB hybrid, TSH, Setaria and Guinea grass. 7-11 q green fodder / 100 m boundary/ year.

45. Forages on bunds (Guinea grass) 1400 to 2350 kg green fodder/year over single grass row of one hectare area Non- Competitive land use

46. NB hybrid on bunds At Farmers' field

47. Crops and varieties suitable for saline soils Crops Varieties Green fodder yield (t/ha) Sorghum HC-136, HC-171, SSG-59-3 35-50 Teosinte Improved teosinte, TL-1 30-40 BN hybrid IGFRI-3, IGFRI-6, IGFRI-10, CO-1, CO-3 70-110 Cowpea EC-4216, UPC-5286 25-35 Lucerne T-9, RL-88 60-80 Oat JHO-851, Kent, JHO-822 35-40 Lathyrus Local 20-25 Karnal grass Selection 25-30 Guinea grass Gutton 45-60 Rhodes grass Selection 20-25 Desmanthus Selection 35-55

48. Crops and varieties suitable for sodic soils : Crops Varieties Green fodder yield (t/ha) Sorghum MP chari, PC-6, PC-9, UP chari-2, UP chari-3 35-40 Pearl millet Giant bajra, RCB-2 35-45 BN hybrid IGFRI-6 80-100 Oat Kent, JHO-822 35-45 Berseem Mescavi, BB-3, Wardan 60-80 Karnal grass - 25-30 Shaftal SH-48 50-70 Guinea grass Gutton 45-60 Rhodes grass - 20-25 Desmanthus - 35-55

49. Forage crops and varieties suitable for waterlogged soil: Soil condition Suitable crop Standing water Almon grass ( Echinochloa polyptachya ), Para grass, coix sps., Iseilema laxum , Chloris gayana , signal grass, karnal grass, congosignal grass Shallow water table Teosinte ( Zea mexicana ), shevary ( Sesbania sesban ) Te m por a r y wa t er logged soil drained in rabi season Sasuna ( Medicago denticulata ), teera ( Lathyrus sativus ), chatarimatri ( Vicia sativa ), oats and berseem Riv e rin e f l ood waterlogging Sorghum (PC-6), Teosinte (TL-6) Saline water logged Casuriana and Populus

50. COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES  Promotion in farm boundaries in semiarid region (outreach programmes of IGFRI- Adarsha Chara Gram/NICRA sites).  Regular/Alternate hedge rows in degraded land use management syst e m s ( S i l vi p ast u r e /hortipasture).  Tiss u e c u l t u re f o r fa s t multiplication.  C o n s e r v a ti o n a n d u til iz a t ion f o r livestock production ICARDA- 14 + 3 ACCESSIONS, ITALY-8, BRAZIL- 10 Crude Protein 8.3% NDF 28.5% ADF 20.1% Ash 28.0% Dry matter d igestibility 52.0% Protein content: 4.5 - 5.5 % Moisture content: 88 - 94 %

51. Azolla cultivation in pots and Tanks Azolla spp. Biomass (g) (fresh wt.) Doubling time (days) A. filiculoides 4.65 6.3 A. microphylla 5.86 5.4 A. pinnata 2.41 11.1 A. rubra 4.93 6.1 A. mexicana 4.29 6.6 A. caroliniana 4.89 6.1 Good source of green fodder during lean period Good source of protein: 20-22 % Fat: 3.0 % Carbohydrate: 50 % Production cost: Rs . 1 - 1.5 per kg Production potential: 400 g/ sq.m /day Suitability: Round the year in southern states Summer &monsoon in northern states

52. Fodder conservation

53. Large scale silage Progressive farmers field Plastic silage bag Buffalo feeding silage Fodder Conservation Operational cost of silage: Kaccha pit- Rs. 60-80/q Pakka pit- Rs. 40-50 /q Polythene bag- Rs. 300-400/q

54. Lathyrus as fodder Protein content: 14-15 % Low ODAP : 0.07 to 0.20 % Low ODAP varieties : Nirmal & Ratan Oxalyl diaminopropionic acid: Neutrotoxin

55. Promotion in farm boundaries Regular/Alternate hedge rows in degraded land Protein content: 4.5-5.5 % Fodder potential – 30-35 t/ha Alternate forage resource – Thorn less Cactus

56. Fodder Sugarcane Component Value Crude Protein 10.95% NDF 64.96% ADF 37.07% Ash 9.66% Dry matter digestibility 65.69%

57. Crude Protein 12.07% NDF 50.08% Crude Fiber 1.65% Ash 5.97% Dry matter digestibility 53.69% Potato haulm – Early harvest Potato haulm ( Solanum spp. )

58. Model grassland development on degraded land Original site L oam to sandy in texture, 0.613% OC Productivity- Fresh wt. 5 t/ha Carrying capacity - 0.55 ACU/ha Range grasses and legumes: Anjan , Dhaman , Dhawalu , Sen , Lampa , Phulkara , Stylo , Clitoria , Siratro Productivity- Fresh wt. 17 t/ha(1 st year) 29 t/ha (2 nd year) Carrying capacity - 2 ACU/ha Improved Grassland Degraded Grassland

59. Fodder Tree: Ardu ( Ailanthus excelsa ) States: Rajasthan, UP, Gujrat, M.P., Haryana, T.N. Fodder tree species for arid zone Species name Fresh leaves per tree (kg) Prosopis cineraria 18-20 Ailanthus excelsa 18-22 Azadirachta indica 18-20 Ziziphus nummularia 14-16 Hardwickia binate 14-16 Bauhinia variegate 20-22 Leucaena leucocephala 15-20 Suitable Tree species

60. Area Name of tree Fresh leaves / tree (kg) Semi Arid Acacia spp 14-16 Albizia spp 15-17 Ficus spp 15-20 Lucaena leucocephala 15-20 Azadiracta indica 18-20 Dalbergia sissoo 15-18 Moringa oleifera 20-22 Important fodder trees and productivity Protein content in leaves: 14 - 28% 10 % of total area under each system 40 - 50 trees /ha under boundary/bund plantation 100 - 150 trees/ha under tree based system Fodder Trees: Opportunities

61. Machine consisting of feeding chute, feed rollers, serrated cylinder assembly, grading unit and power transmission unit designed and developed . Defluffing capacity for fully dried Deenanath grass seed and cenchrus ciliaris grass seed was observed in the range of 7.0 to 8.5 kg/h with true seed recovery of 15-20%. The machine saves 76 % processing cost as compared to traditional manual defluffing . Defluffing Machine

62. Design and Development of Grass Seed Pelleting Machine Front View Side View Isometric View A grass seed pelleting machine has been designed and developed with the provision of pelleting chamber, motor, belt and pulley arrangement, upward/downward movement of pelleting chamber, water application system and speed controller/regulator. The theoretical capacity of 50 kg/h. The machine is under test.

63. ECHU designed and developed. Daily average Temp. and RH range : June 2021: 27.5-29.7 C, 74-84% with cooling efficiency 78%. Oct-Nov 2021: 24.9-29 C and 55-70%. Jan 2022: 13.5-25.4 C and 43.5-76%. March 2022: 24.9-27.3 C and 55-72.5%. 3. Biomass yield: 3.0-5.58 kg/kg seed for maize, highest yield was observed at 300 g/ sqft loading seed rate and 12h soaking time. Dry matter (%): 13.4-13.72% Crude protein (%): 13.3-13.81%. 4. Cost Economics: B:C ratio 1.32, Pay Back period: 3.12 yr, Annual income: Rs. 85000/- Evaporative Cool Hydroponic Unit (ECHU)

64. Chemical-Mixer Hopper Coating Chamber Control-Panel Platform Designed the machine and developed Hopper, Seed Metering Mechanism, Sensor based micro-controller system. Calibrated the seed metering mechanism for Berseem and Cowpea Seed. T he seed rate of metering mechanism was varied between 0.19 kg/s to 1.17 kg/s for Berseem seeds and 0.11 kg/s to 1.04 kg/s for Cowpea seeds at different openings. The opening time for seed metering mechanism to treat 4 kg of seeds was 16.4 s for Berseem and 24 s for Cowpea at 1/4 th opening. Machine is under fabrication & testing Automatic Seed Coating Machine

65. Spent grain mixed TMR for goats Brewers’ spent grain mixed balanced TMR developed for growing goats. 7 days Metabolic trial carried out for developed ration indicates higher Feed intake of TMR fed group (3.82 kg/100kg body weight) as compared to the control group (3.11kg/100kg body weight). Dry matter digestibility in TMR fed group and control group was 69% and 66%, respectively. Product is also being commercialized through ABI Centre of IGFRI, Jhansi.

66. THANK YOU