10 Food Safety and Quality Systems in Developing Countries
1.4 NONTRADITIONAL VEGETABLE IMPORTS
TO THE UNITED STATES: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
In a manner similar to what is happening with fruits, US importation
and consumption of nontraditional vegetables have increased signifi-
cantly over the past 20 years, with developing countries now supplying
more than 30% of the country’s needs and more than 60% of its total
vegetable imports (Hallam et al., 2004). Mexico is a major supplier of
asparagus, eggplant, and onions, while Guatemala is a leading supplier
of green peas and Kenya supplies 25% of world trade in green beans.
Mexico alone supplies over 60% of US nontraditional vegetable needs.
Cassava is supplied mainly from Central and South America, and mush-
rooms from China, as also are bok choy and other Asian vegetables.
Among these NTAEs are ackees (Jamaica, Belize, and Haiti), peppers
(including Scotch bonnet peppers – Figure 1.5b) and Amaranthus, sold
as both the leafy vegetable – callaloo – and the seeds, the former com-
ing mainly from the Caribbean (as callaloo), while the latter come from
Central America, Mexico being the leading supplier. Several of these
plants, including eggplant and ackees, will be discussed in more detail
later on in this book. This short discussion will therefore focus on Ama-
ranthus, a unique and multifaceted vegetable.
Hundreds of metric tons per annum of Amaranthus are exported glob-
ally, with India and Mexico being major global suppliers, and exports from
India to the Netherlands, Canada, Australia, Germany, and the United
States being delivered at prices ranging from US$0.86 to 2.08/kg in 2015,
with the United States being a major market. Much of what is sold is in
the form of the seeds, which contain significantly more protein per gram
(about 30% more) than comparable grains such as rice, sorghum, and
rye (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2015). Typically,
Amaranthus is a highly nutritive food that is a very good source of vita-
mins A and K and folate, as well as potassium, magnesium, calcium, and
fiber, and is a good source of, for example, vitamin C, iron, and phospho-
rous (Figures 1.3a,b and 1.4). The product is gluten free and its amino
acid profile is very good, making it an exceptional protein source. It con-
tains all eight essential amino acids, which are typically absent from other
grains. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended
Amaranthus as a well-balanced food and NASA has also recommended
its use as a food on space missions (Howard, 2013).