Forcing Techniques For Raising Summer Vegetables .pptx

Forcing Techniques For Raising Summer Vegetables

1. Forcing Techniques For Raising Summer Vegetables. Submitted by:- Babanjeet L-2019-H-208-M

2. Introduction:- Forcing techniques are used to grow vegetables in artificial growing conditions. In these techniques vegetables are grown out of their normal growing season in net houses, green houses, glass houses and other artificial structures that admit light and induce favorable environmental conditions. These techniques can also be used sometimes to prolong the growing season.

3. Salient features of forcing techniques:- The cost incurred in production of crops is higher than other available methods. Different structure are required to facilitate these techniques like green house, cold frames, low tunnels etc. It is the most intensive method of cultivation

4. . Additional technical know how is required in the usage of these techniques. techniques provide artificial environment to the crops. These are the type of specialized demand oriented programme . Few vegetable crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, capsicum etc are grown in this type of farming. ‘Tunnel farming’ is one of the most followed method of forcing techniques.

5. A Typical Example :- According to Choudary (1997) , in the winter season growing of summer crops on the river beds with the help of organic manures, with breaks of dry grass is also the type of forcing technique. Some times for early product seedlings of crops like tomato or brinjal are forced to germinate in small protected structures. This may also be the type of vegetable forcing.

6. Advantages of Vegetable Forcing:- Better facilities with which to start early stages early vegetables plants for outdoor culture; probably 90% of our greenhouse vegetable growers are also market gardeners or truckers. The possibility of keeping in touch with one’s patrons between the summer seasons. The ability to give employment during the winter to the most satisfactory employees. The increased pleasure of rural life during the winter by creating summer conditions on a small part of the farm.

7. Types of Vegetable Forcing :- By the use of manure-heated hotbeds. This is the oldest type used in the United states, and it is still practiced to some extent by commercial growers. Its chief value, however, is for the farmer and village gardener who desires a continuous supply of fresh vegetables for their own tables. By the growing of crops on a large commercial scale in frames heated by steam or hot water, or merely covered with glass or protecting cloth. This type of forcing is especially important in southern gardening districts.

8. . III . By the growing of vegetables for the home table by the people who can afford to operate greenhouses solely on their land. IV. Mulching:- The covering of surface around plants makes a condition more conductive for growth through moisture conservation, better co 2 control exchange for roots system and soil moisture management.

9. . V. Low and Walking tunnel:- Row covers or low tunnel are flexible transparent covering that are installed over rows or individual beds of transplanted vegetables to enhance plant growth by warming the air around the plants in open field during winter season .

10. . VI . Naturally ventilated greenhouses:- these are the protected structures where no heating or cooling devices are provided for climate control. Light intensity can be reduced by incorporating shading material like nets. .

11. . VII. Semi-Climate controlled greenhouses:- These are constructed over galvanized iron pipes exhaust fans with thermostat are provided to control the temperature. Evaporative cooling pads and misting arrangement are also made to maintain favourable humidity

12. . VIII . Climate Controlled greenhouse:- This type of greenhouse is constructed to achieve higher degree of climate control to enhance the cultivation period of the crops. Evaporative cooling and the heaters are used to maintain the required temperature inside greenhouse spaces as and when required. The greenhouse consists of a sensor, a comparator, and an operator. These green mostly used for the cultivation of parthenocarpic cucumber, cherry , tomato and coloured sweet pepper.

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14. . IX. Net house Cultivation:- Vegetables are produced with minimum use of pesticides. It is a framed structure consisting GI pipes covered with UV stabilized net of 40 mesh size to control entry of flying insects. PAU has a so far recommended the early cultivation of capsicum, tomato and brinjal in the net house without risk of vectors .

15. Production through micro-irrigation and Fertigation This system is very useful in saving irrigation water, fertilizers and improving the quality of vegetables. The system is mandatory in high tech vegetable production.

16. Soil less cultivation This method has increased significantly due to the use of methyl bromide as a soil disinfectant between crops cycles or will be banned soon .

17. Hydroponics In this system plants are grown in nutrients and water solution without soil. Terrestrial may be grown with their roots in the mineral solution only or in an inter medium, such as perlite or gravel .

18. Aeroponics Plants are grown in troughs, tubes or other type of chambers and roots are hung in air sprayed with nutrient mist. So, it easily absorbs nutrients and oxygen. This technique has less chance of root disease.

19. Nursery Raising in Plug trays:- Growers have made the transition to green house grown transplants using various type of containers, Primarily plug trays.

20. . For raising nursery of vegetables in plug trays, commonly used soil less media in coco peat, vermiculite, perlite which is mixed in 3:1:1 ratio on volume basis. The size and volume of cells pro-trays also have been standardized for different vegetable crops.

21. Forcing techniques used in different summer vegetables:- Capsicum:- Nursery of crop is sown in first fortnight of October. Protect the seedlings against whitefly to check the spread of viruses. Cover them with agro-net of 40 mesh size. 4-5 weeks old seedlings are planted on both sides of raised beds. In December fix the iron arches manually at a distance of 2 metre so as to cover the rows . Transparent plastic sheets should be used to cover the plants .

22. . The sides of sheets should be buried in the soil when temperature rise in February remove the plastic sheets .

23. . Cucumber:- The beds of 2.5 meter width are prepared in the month of December. The sowing is done on the both sides of bed at 45cm . Cover the cucumber crop under low poly tunnel like capsicum. When temperature rises in February remove the plastic sheets.

24. . Recently, parthenocarpic cucumber variety “ Punjab Kheera-1” has been recommended for poly net house cultivation. Fruits of this variety are dark green, seedless, bitter free, medium size(125gm) , 13-15cm long and do not require peeling. Its average yield is 304q/acre and 370q/acre in September and January sown crops, respectively.

25. . Brinjal :- Low plastic tunnel technology is recommended to protect the plant during winter. Seedlings are transplanted in November on raised beds at spacing of 90 X 30 cm. In first week of December iron arches are fixed and covered with transparent non perforated plastic sheets. When temperature rises remove the plastic sheets.

26. . Recommended varieties PBHR-41 has a yield of 376q/acre. PBHR-42 has a yield of 360q/acre .

27. . Tomato:- The indeterminate varieties of tomato are suitable under net houses which continue to grow in set fruit throughout their life cycle. Treat the seeds with 3g captan per kg of seed before sowing and sowing should be done in beds in end of September. After 20-25 days of transplanting, earthing is to be done. Staking is necessary, plants must be pruned and fruit thinned throughout the crop cycle. Harvesting of fruits start in end of February and continue till May.

28. . Recommended varieties are :- Punjab Swarna Punjab Gaurav Punjab Sartaj Punjab Red Cherry Punjab Sona Cherry Punjab Kesar Cherry.

29. Major Constraints in Forcing Techniques Cost effective design of green houses suitable for different climate needs to be standardized. The package of practices including fertigation needs to be worked out. Pest and disease management is crucial as it provides favourable conditions for their proliferation. intensive cultivation in green house give rise to growth and development of numerous pathogens including nematods .

30. CONCLUSION:- Effective and eco-friendly control measures to be evolved. Development of suitable varieties for forcing techniques requires an immediate attention and effort to reduce dependence on imported seeds. PAU has already developed varieties in different crops for cultivation under forcing techniques.

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