Foreign Policy, it's stages and determinants.pptx

Foreign policy stages determinants, national interest and it's types

1. Foreign Policy Determinants, decision making and analysis

2. Following topics to be covered in lecture Foreign Policy Stages in Foreign Policy Determinants of Foreign Policy Graham Allison's three models of Foreign Policy Decision Making National Interests Types of National Interests

3. Foreign Policy Strategies that governments use to guide their actions in the international arena, the actions state leaders decide to pursue and protect national interest in given situations. FP is designed to protect and promote the national interest abroad.

4. What is foreign policy? Definition and examples Foreign Policy  or  Foreign Relations  refers to how a government deals with other countries. We also call it  Foreign Affairs Policy . Foreign policy includes such matters as trade and defense. The government chooses its foreign affairs policy to safeguard the interests of the nation and its citizens. ‘ Trade ,’ in this context, means ‘ international trade ,’  i.e., imports, exports, tariffs, exemptions, etc. Simply; it is the strategy that the government adopts in dealing with other countries. Typically, the foreign minister, head of government, and cabinet create the government’s foreign policy. Britannica.com  says the following regarding foreign policy: “General objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state  in its interactions with other states .” “The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behavior of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.”

5. Stages in foreign policy decision making Assessment of the international and domestic political environment. Goal setting. Determination of policy options. Formal decision making process. Implementation of chosen policy option.

6. Determinants of Foreign Policy External Factors; A country's position in power structure Standing in International Organizations Geographic Location World public opinion/Public Perception Alliances

7. Determinants of Foreign Policy... Internal Factors; Military Power Type of Government and leadership Size, Geography, and resources. Quality of Diplomacy Role of Media and Think Tanks

8. Graham Allison's three models of Foreign Policy Decision Making;

9. 1- Rational Actor Model Decision maker set goals, Evaluate their relative importance, Calculate the cost and benefits for each possible course of action, Choose the one with highest benefits and lowest cost".

10. 2 - Organizational Process Model (OPM) Shows the pressures that organizations place on decision Maker's choices. Model assumes objectives are already set. SOPS are followed. SOPS enhance efficiency.

11. (3) Bureaucratic Model/ Govt. Bargaining Model Key individuals in critical positions have great influence. They have different priorities. They have different organizational positions and commitments:

12. National Interest The goals that states pursue to maximize what they perceive to be selfishly best for their country. The most important national interest is the survival of the state . Security, Stability, Prosperity are the cherished national interest of every nation "Political traditions and political cultural context with in which a nation formulates its foreign policy". H. J. Morgenthau

13. Types of National Interests Primary: physical (territorial integrity), cultural identity, guarding against external aggression. Secondary: protection of diaspora living abroad. General: in the field of trade, diplomacy and international law. Permanent: that can uphold their permanence.

14. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Era of Neutrality (1947-1953)

15. Pakistan in 1947 Pakistan got independence on August 14, 1947. Being a newly created state there was no proper government, no diplomatic setup, there was no proper media and think tanks. The Indo-Pak war of 1947-1948 weakened Pakistan further internally.

16. World in 1947 Internally weaken state Pakistan also faced an unstable international arena in 1947. This was the time when the World War 2 was recently ended two years back and world was going through cold war at that time. Main characters of cold war both USSR and US were in the competition to make alliances with other countries of the world to make their respective block stronger than the other's

17. Foreign Policy options for Pakistan Pakistan had three options for its foreign policy. First one was to join the block of USSR and make US and all the allies of the US its enemies. Second was to join the block of US while making USSR and its allies its enemies. Third one is to pursue the policy of neutrality.

18. Era of Neutrality (1947-1953) Pakistan kept on following the policy of neutrality till 1953. During this era Pakistan promoted harmony and cooperation with the Muslim countries. Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to US in May 1950 had shown the world that what would be the future policy of Pakistan.

19. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement Era of Alliances (1954-1962)

20. Background Cold war had been started and both the US and USSR were in the struggle to make alliances with other countries. It was very difficult for Pakistan to remain neutral. Pakistan hardly maintained its neutrality till the early years of 50s. In such situation Pakistan preferred to join the US block in 1954.

21. Pakistan's need for powerful ally Pakistan had been facing a continued threat from India which was struggling to undo Pakistan. India also made aggression on Kashmir and annexed it forcefully by suppressing its people ruthlessly. Pakistan desperately needed to strengthen its defenses and security.

22. US interests in Pakistan US interests in Pakistan Under Truman doctrine, US had embarked upon a policy of containment. The reason why US became concerned with South Asia, was China, falling in communist bloc led by the Soviet Union. US turned towards India and Pakistan to form a strategic bulwark against Sino_ Soviet communism. India was committed to a non-aligned stance. So, US had only option of Pakistan.

23. Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement 19 May 1954 Pakistan's condemnation of North Koreans as aggressors and responsiveness towards American policies and US interests in South Asia were enough to force Americans to consider an alliance with Pakistan as an alternative. Hence, Pakistan and the United states drew close together and entered into a mutual defense assistance agreement in May 19, 1954.

24. Features of Agreement Pakistan was guaranteed military and economic aid. In return, Pakistan's soil was used a base for conducting reconnaissance operations against Soviet Union. Pakistan Army, Navy, and Air force were updated. US kept on preparing Pakistan against any expected aggression from communist block.