FORENSIC LABORATORY-1.pptx

good laboratory practices for forensic laboratory

1. FORENSIC LABORATORY . PRESENTED BY: GROUP 3 FORENSIC LABORATORY PRESENTED BY: GROUP 03

2. GROUP MEMBERS Aliza Shabbir 19-ARID-1375 Rabia Iftikhar 19-ARID-1404 Sabahat Arooj 19-ARID-1406 Zahra Batool 19-ARID-1418 Faizan Zulfiqar 19-ARID-1383 Mah Noor 19-ARID-1390 Anab Raza Malik 19-ARID-1377

3. Introduction Forensic Science Forensic Laboratory History of Forensic Science Purposes of Forensic Laboratory ALIZA SHABBIR 19-ARID-1375

4. INTRODUCTION Forensic science : Forensic scientists examine and analyze evidence from crime scenes and elsewhere to develop objective findings that can assist in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or absolve an innocent person from suspicion.

5. Contd… Forensic laboratory: “ Forensic laboratory, also called crime laboratory, facility where analyses are performed on evidence generated by crimes or, sometimes, civil infractions.” They are administered by federal, state or provincial, or local government or may work privately. It employ specialists in a variety of disciplines, including; Behavioral forensic science Forensic pathology Forensic anthropology Crime-scene investigation Ballistics

6. History of forensic science

7. Purposes of Forensic Laboratory The main purposes of establishing a forensic laboratory are as follows; Audio Visual Analysis: It analyzes both auditory and visual information sources. It accounts for their inter-relations and coincidence to extract high-level semantic information. Both shot-based and object-based access to the visual information is employed. Computer Forensic: It is the application of investigation and analysis techniques to gather and preserve evidence. From suspected computing device in a way that is suitable for presentation in a court of law.

8. CONTD… Data Extraction: It males it possible to consolidate, process and refine data. It can be stored in a centralized location in order to be transformed. DNA and Serology: “Serology analysis” refers to the screening of evidence for bodily fluids. “DNA analysis” refers to the efforts to individualize bodily fluids to a specific person. Firearms And Toolmarks: Firearm has its primary concern to determine if a bullet, cartridge case or other ammunition component was fired via particular firearm. Toolmarks are scratches and/or impressions that are left on an object that is softer than the object or tool that caused the marks.

9. CONTD… Pathology: It deals with the diagnosis of disease and causes of death. By means of laboratory examination of; Body fluids (clinical pathology) Cell samples, (cytology) Tissues (anatomic pathology) The autopsy is the procedure utilized to study the dead. Toxicology: Toxicology uses the power of science to predict what, and how chemicals may cause harm and then shares that information to protect public health.

10. Various Sections, biosafety levels and standard operating protocols in Forensic Laboratory RABIA IFTIKHAR 19-ARID-1404

11. VARIOUS SECTIONS OF FORENSIC LABORATORY The structure of forensic labs can vary, especially between; Private Public Government A fully funded forensic laboratory often includes the following sections: Biology section Chemistry section Forensic toxicology section Firearm/Toolmark section

12. CONTD…. Latent fingerprint section Trace evidence analysis section Footwear / Tire Tracks section

13. BIOSAFETY LEVELS The biosafety levels are designed to identify various protective measures that are to be taken in a laboratory setting to protect the researchers, the environment, and the microorganisms. There are four biosafety levels which are followed by each laboratory. BSL-1 BSL-2 BSL-3 BSL-4

14. Biosafety Level-1 (BSL-1) Well characterized, non-pathogenic organisms or agents. Open bench-no contamination. Use good laboratory practices, waste disposal, and aseptic techniques. Example: E.coli.

15. Typical BSL-1 Arrangement

16. Biosafety Level-2 (BSL-2) Agents of moderate hazard to personnel or environment. Basic lab, but restricted access, containment during certain processes ( i.e ; aerosols, large volumes etc.) Autoclave and Biological Safety Cabinets desired. Use Good laboratory practices, waste disposal, and aseptic techniques. Example: most non-respiratory, non-lethal, agents

17. Typical BSL-2 Arrangement

18. Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3) Agents of high hazard to personnel or environment. Respiratory exotic or indigenous agents which are easily transmissible causing serious or lethal disease. All work is contained, engineering control and controlled environments we currently do not have the facilities to handle. Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis etc.

19. Typical BSL-3 Arrangement

20. Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) Dangerous and exotic agents with high risk of life-threatening disease, aerosol transmitted. Access to lab is restricted. Chemical decontaminated showers. Liquid effluent collection/decontamination. Related agents with unknown risk of transmission (Agents all viruses include). Example: Marburg virus, Ebola virus, viruses that can cause Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever etc.

21. Typical BSL-4 Arrangement

22. STANDARD OPERATING PROTOCOL FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION Investigating Officer must have an Investigation Kit which includes following lifting and Packaging materials for proper collection, preservation, packaging and forwarding of the these forensic samples/biological evidences e.g. blood, semen etc found at various crime scenes. Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs) for sample collection in forensic laboratory are: Sterile cotton threads/gauze pad or swabs/cotton tips Sterile forceps, tweezers, disposable scalpels and blades Gloves

23. CONTD… Sterile containers, adjustable evidence tubes Porous packaging Paper bag that permits air Blotting papers Zip lock poly bags Magnifiers and various hand-held light sources Collection bags/boxes Adhesive tape Ice Box

24. Trace Evidence Types of samples SOPs for securing evidences SABAHAT AROOJ 19-ARID-1406

25. Trace Evidence “ Any material which, when left behind at scene or, on the body of victim or assailant or, any other thing that acts as clue and can be presented in the court as an evidence ” The trace evidence helps identification objectively: It helps in the recognition of the evidence and its association with a particular: Person Thing Place. Acts as a clue for the identity of that source.

26. Trace Evidence Laboratory In most labs, a unit commonly known as a 'trace evidence unit' forms an area where scientists look for clues in evidence such as: Hair Fabric Dust Fiber Skeletal remains Refer to the “Every Criminal Leaves A Trace.”

27. Trace Evidence Techniques Multi-functional forensic trace evidence analysis system. Trace evidence elemental analysis by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy - LIBS Some technique’s.

28. Types of samples in forensic laboratory Trace evidence may be grouped into: Biological Evidence Non-Biological Evidence

29. 1. Biological Evidence These originates from human, animal or plant source and include mainly : Body Fluids Body Tissues Stains

30. Contd… Body fluids: Includes blood, semen, saliva, urine, vomit, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. Such fluids may be found in the form of stains at the scene, clothes, and body of victim or assailant. Other Biological materials: Human Hair from head and pubes. Scrapings from the under surface of Nails which contains, epithelium of skin of assailant or victim deposited during physical or sexual assault.

31. 2. Non-Biological Evidence These comprises of ; Items of Personal Use. Other Materials found in the Environment (Foreign Bodies). These Personal Items are Clothes, Spectacles, Purse, Wristwatches, or other things in use. The Environmental Materials are fibres from carpet, vegetation in the garden, grit particles from the road. Other Non-Biological materials consists of bottles, tablets, bullets or pellets, weapons of offence or any other thing used in the crime.

32. SOPs for securing evidences I. Purpose: Establishes guidelines for securing crime scenes; Obtaining the necessary permission to conduct a crime scene search. Collecting physical evidence for laboratory analysis and storage. II. Policy: Crime scenes shall be secured and searched. Physical evidence shall be evaluated. Collected by department personnel.

33. CONTD… Following standard operating procedures are followed for securing evidences; Establish the dimensions of the scene and identify potential hazards. Establish security of the scene. Plan and organize tasks and responsibilities. Conduct an initial examination of the crime scene to evaluate the probative value of potential crime scene investigation activities. Document and examine the crime scene. Collect and preserve the evidence. Conduct a final evaluation to complete a thorough investigation of the crime scene.

34. Consideration on forensic laboratory set up ZAHRA BATOOL 19-ARID-1418

35. Consideration on forensic laboratory setup To maximize the credibility of your law enforcement organization and crack more cases. It is important to meet the industry’s strictest computer forensics lab requirement standards and upgrade it when an upgrade is due. But apart from budget considerations, getting the project rolling can be a slow start due to getting lost in all the information. Key elements of computer forensics: To outline the process for you, we’re going to list the; Necessary functions of digital forensic lab. Examine its purpose. Cover all the questions you should ask to arrange a perfect digital forensic lab set up in an easy to follow step-by-step manner.

36. Contd… Step 1: Get acquainted with the purpose of a digital forensic lab. Step 2: Determine the primary focus of your department. Step 3: Consider the physical limitations, the space, and the location you have available. Step 4: Assess your existing equipment. Step 5: Determine your software needs. Step 6: Cover your hardware needs. Step 7: Pick your digital forensic lab provider.

37. Contd… The outcome of a digital forensic investigation has the potential to change someone’s life forever. The analysis, the thinking process, the logical deduction, it all happens in a place called computer forensics lab. As a matter of fact, the computer forensics technology that can be found inside a digital forensic laboratory is the result of years and years of research and refinement. For obvious reasons, as time goes on, better technology may emerge. It’s important to keep your computer forensics lab up to date if ensuring optimal working conditions is the goal.

38. Contd… The technological state of your forensic lab is far from being the only consideration to make. Anything that aligns with the purpose of optimizing the costs and providing an optimal workflow experience for the investigative team is very much relevant in this regard. The following are what we consider to be the 7 golden computer forensics lab design rules for optimal working conditions:

39. Contd… Scientific workflow Safety and security Heating and ventilation Electrical Spacing and furniture Acoustics Cyber security

40. Main instruments of forensic laboratory Gas Chromatograph – Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS)
Fourier Transform – Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR)
Gas Chromatograph (GC)
High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC)
Ultraviolet – Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis)
UV
Forensic Science – Drug Chemistry

41. Qualifications of forensic laboratirorian You can do a degree or postgraduate qualification in:
1. Forensic science.
2. A related subject like chemistry, biological science, physics or medical sciences. Training of forensic laboratory personnel: Forensic laboratory technicians assist in criminal investigations by analysing physical evidence. Some schools offer a 4-year degree in forensic science, aspiring forensic laboratory technicians typically pursue a bachelor’s degree in science programs like chemistry or biology.
There are different certifications that can be earned such as DNA, ballistics, or drug analysis and hands-on crime lab experience .

42. Data Interpretation FAIZAN ZULFIQAR 19-ARID-1383

43. Data Interpretation Developing Policy and Procedures Assess the Evidence Acquire Evidence Examining the Evidence Documenting and Reporting

44. GLP For reporting Result in Forensic Laboratory Test facility organization and personnel Quality Assurance (QA) program Facilities Apparatus materials and reagents Test systems Test and reference items Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s) Performance of the study Reporting of study results Storage and retention of records and materials

45. Issues And Errors in Forensics Issues: Unreliable or invalid forensic discipline.
Insufficient validation of a method.
Misleading testimony.
Like everyone, forensic practitioners can make mistakes, including mixing up samples or contaminating specimens. Errors: This study discusses errors in terms of forensic science. There are three categories of errors (systematic errors, random errors, and gross errors). And two types of errors (false-positive errors and false-negative errors). These three categories of errors affect the reliability of expert testimony in three measures.

46. Systematic Error The difference in the measured value and the true value is called the error . And these errors can be divided into systematic errors, random errors, and gross errors. Systematic errors include instrumental errors, method errors, individual errors, and environmental errors. Systematic Error refers to an error which is present for every measurement of a given quantity.
Systematic errors cannot easily be analysed by statistical analysis.

47. Random Error The difference in the measured value and the true value is called the error . And these errors can be divided into systematic errors, random errors, and gross errors. Systematic errors include instrumental errors, method errors, individual errors, and environmental errors. Systematic Error refers to an error which is present for every measurement of a given quantity.
Systematic errors cannot easily be analysed by statistical analysis.

48. Gross Error Reading the instrument before it has reached its steady state Parallax error when reading an analog meter scale. Mistakes in recording measured data and in calculating a derived measured. Misuse of the instrument. Gross errors. Are errors that are so serious. An example would be writing down a value of 100 when the reading was actually 1.00.

49. False Positive Reading the instrument before it has reached its steady state Parallax error when reading an analog meter scale. Mistakes in recording measured data and in calculating a derived measured. Misuse of the instrument. Gross errors. Are errors that are so serious. An example would be writing down a value of 100 when the reading was actually 1.00.

50. False Negative Based on the consequences of their decision, one type of error may be more preferable than the other. In criminal courts, it is generally considered preferable to make a false negative . Where the criminal is found innocent when they are really guilty than to convict someone who is innocent . Because scientists know they might have made an error.
They are clear about their procedure and.
How confident they are in their decision when they share their results.

51. Technical and Management Requirements MAH NOOR 19-ARID-1390

52. Quality Assurance Program Every forensic expert in a laboratory will make a mistake. The problem is making sure that the mistake is detected before a result is reported. A good quality assurance program will help to minimize errors and detect errors when they occur. Quality assurance – covers every aspect of laboratory work that can affect the quality of the results reported.

53. ISO 17025 These are the base requirements necessary for a laboratory to be able to implement and operate to demonstrate its competency. They are not super requirements. Cost of compliance is cost of achieving consistently good results. Cost of not having consistently good results could be much higher. 17025 focus is on; Management and technical requirements.

54. Management Requirements Clause 4 (ISO 17025) Organization and Management: Legal entity. Have policies in place to avoid activities that negatively affect confidence in competence, judgement or operational integrity. Have management and sufficient technical staff with adequate authority. Quality Management System: System must be documented. Top management must demonstrate commitment .

55. CONTD… Quality Control: Approval and issue – reviewed and approved. Document changes – altered text highlighted. Subcontracting: Maintain a register or subcontractors. Advise customer and obtain approval (in writing). Customer Service: The laboratory shall obtain feedback from customers and analyze for possible improvement.

56. CONTD…. Control of nonconforming testing/ calibration work: Policies – procedure implanted shall include; Responsibilities and authority. Correction taken immediately. Improvement: Shall continually improve effective of management system through analysis.

57. CONTD… Corrective Actions: Shall designate and give authority for implementing corrective action. Shall start with a cause analysis. Identify all potential corrective actions. Shall monitor corrective actins effectiveness. Preventive Actions: Needed improvements shall be identified. Action plans developed after identifying.

58. CONTD… Records Control: Readily retrievable. Protect and back up needed. Internal Audits: Done periodically – all elements of system. Done by trained and qualified staff, independents of activities to be audited. Management Review: Identifies what should be considered. Period (12 months – note).

59. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS Clause 5 (ISO 17025) Personnel: Competent qualified appropriately on basis of education, training, experience, and skills. Persons who give opinions and result interpretations should have additional qualifications. Policy to identify training needs. Authorize specific task for specific work.

60. CONTD… Accommodation and Environment: Appropriate and adequate. Prevent cross contamination. Access controlled. Test and Calibration Methods and Validation: Instruction on use of all equipment and handling of items. Standards need not to be rewritten. Deviation from methods documented, justified authorized, and accepted by customer.

61. CONTD… Laboratory developed methods: When necessary approved by customer and validated. Non standard test methods validated. Control of data: Adequate checks. Software documented and validated.

62. CONTD... Equipment: Needs all equipment for tests. Calibration schedules Maintenance and storage Equipment labelled Measurement Traceability: Calibrated before use and according to SI system

63. CONTD… Assuring the quality of test and calibration results procedures for monitoring the validity of tests and calibrations. Reporting of Results: Accurately, clearly, unambiguously, and objectively report results. Usually in a result report and all information necessary for interpretation.

64. Assessor’s role Role of criminology Conclusion ANAB RAZA MALIK 19-ARID-1377

65. Assessor’s role To obtain evidence on compliance with respect to the ISO/IEC 17025:2005 ‘ General Requirements for the competence for Testing and Calibration Laboratories. The CAB meets other requirements of NABL including the NABL’s specific criteria for the relevant field and has competence to perform the specific test and Calibration. Should pay attention to the specific announcements on website pertaining to policy decisions. To exercise his scientific and technical judgment and form his opinion regarding extent of conformity with respect to accreditation criteria.

66. Role of criminology Uncover scientific truths and grow the body of knowledge. Criminologist must be alert to when the best time would be to bring results forward. Engage in activities that create a palatable environment and create a setting where truths can be aired and implemented. Objectives of criminology: The development of body of general and verified principles and of other types of its knowledge regarding this process of law crime and its control, prevention and the treatment of offenders

67. CONCLUSION The main use of forensic science is for purposes of law enforcement to investigate crimes such as murder, theft, or fraud. Forensic scientists are also involved in investigating accidents such as train or plane crashes to establish if they were accidental or a result of foul play. The techniques developed by forensic science are also used by the army to analyze the possibility of the presence of chemical weapons, high explosives or to test for propellant stabilizers. Scientific conclusions are not exclusive and are subject to perpetual revision.

68. CONtd… The Daubert decision upheld that there are certain important differences between the quest for truth in the laboratory and the quest for truth in the courtroom. In criminal cases accused parties are convicted on the basis of testimony from forensic science experts, therefore much depends upon the reliability of evidence presented before Court of Law. It is highly recommended that law enforcement officials and the members of society they serve must assure that forensic techniques are reliable. Thus before forensic evidence is admitted in the Court, the techniques to find out that evidence must be properly studied and their accuracy must be verified. Scientific evidence is not only valuable to a successful criminal prosecution, but it may also be crucial in the eyes of many jurors.

69. ANY QUESTION?