FORM 2 SCIENCE CHAPTER 4 DLP/TINGKATAN 2 SAINS BAB 4 DLP

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1. Human
Health
Science
Form 2

2. Table of Contents
4.1
Infectious and
Non-Infectious
Disease
4.2
Body
Defence

3. Infectious and
Non-Infectious Disease
4.1
Human Health

4. Learning Standard
Differentiate and
communicateinfectious
and non-infectious
disease.
1 2
Explainhowinfectious
diseasearespread.
4
Generateideasonthe
mechanismtopreventthe
spreadofinfectious
disease.
3
Separatethecauseand
spreadofinfectious
disease.

7. Disease
Abnormal condition of body or mind
that causes discomfort, difficulty to
function or stress to an individual.

8. Disease
Infectious
•Causedbyinfectionofpathogens
directlythroughmediums&vectors.
•Diseasethatcanbetransmittedfrom
oneindividualtoanother.
•e.g.:flu,ringworm,tinea,tuberculosis,
dengue,etc.
Non-infectious
•Causedbygenericfactororlifestyle.
•Diseasethatcannotbetransmitted
fromoneindividualtoanother.
•e.g.:cancer,hypertension,diabetes,
asthmaetc.

9. How Does it Spread?
•Infectiousdiseasespreadbypathogens(microorganisms
thatcausediseases-virus,bacteria,protozoa,fungi&
worms),theorganismsthatcausediseases.
•Spreadbypathogens–transmittedfrominfectedperson
(host)toanotherpersonthroughvectors&medium(water,
air&contact).
•Hostisavictim(weak&easilyinfected).

10. Methods of Spreading Infectious Diseases
Air
Water
Contact
Vector

11. Airborne Disease
Droplet transmission
•Pathogen-containingdropletsprays
fromthemouth&noseofaninfected
personthroughsneezing,coughing,
breathing.
Dust transmission
•Bacteriainthespit(saliva)ofan
infectedpersondryup&formspores&
spreadtogetherwithdustintheair.

12. Disease Pathogen
Areas of
infectious disease
Method of
transmission
Ways to prevent
Tuberculosis
Bacteria
•In a crowded &
packed area.
•In an enclosed
air-conditioned
and less
ventilated area.
•In a room that
gets less UV
rays.
•Pathogens are
transmitted
through
droplets
transmission
when the
patient speaks,
sneezes or
coughs.
•Cover your
mouth and
nose when
sneezing and
coughing.
•After sneezing
/ coughing,
wash your
hands with
soap and water.
•Wear mask &
practice social
distancing.
Influenza A ,
H1N1
VirusSARS, COVID-19
Flu
Airborne Disease

15. DiseasePathogen
Areas of infectious
disease
Method of
transmission
Ways to prevent
Cholera
Bacteria
•Areas where there
is no proper
sanitation system.
•Areas that do not
have treated water
supply.
•Flooded areas.
•Accidentally
drink water that
is untreated &
contaminated
with pathogens.
•Eat
contaminated
food.
•Unwashed
hands.
•Boil water &
cook food
properly.
•Wash your hands
after going to
the toilet.
•Build a proper &
clean sanitation
system.
Typhoid
fever
Dysentry
Parasite /
bacteria
Waterborne Disease

19. DiseasePathogenMethod of transmissionWays to prevent
Tinea & ringworm
Fungi
•Through skin contact that
has been infected or share
personal items such as
towels.
•Take-care of self-cleanliness.
•Do not share personal items.
•Clean floor & table surfaces
using disinfectants.
Syphilis &
Gonorrhoea
Bacteria •Through unprotected sexual
intercourse.
•Pathogen spread via semen
and vaginal fluids.
•Do not have random sexual
intercourse.
•Stay away from drugs.
AIDS
HIV Virus
•Through sex, blood
transfusion & sharing of
injection needles in drug
addicts & patients.
Contact

24. VectorDiseasePathogen
Method of
transmission
SymptomsWays to prevent
Aedes
mosquito
Dengue
Dengue
virus
•Through mosquito
bite.
•Mosquito carries
pathogen in its
salivary glands.
•Pathogen in the
saliva enters the
person’s blood.
•Joint pain, fever,
headache &
watery eyes.
•Destroy the
breeding of
mosquito.
•Use mosquito
repellents to
prevent
mosquito bites.
Zika
Zika Virus •Fever, rashes,
joint pain &
conjunctivitis.
Anopheles
mosquito
Malaria
Plasmodium
Malariae
Protozoa
•Shivering, fever
& sweating.
Vectors

25. VectorDiseasePathogen
Method of
transmission
Symptoms Ways to prevent
Rat Leptospirosis
Leptospira
sp. bacteria
•Contaminated
with rat’s
urine.
•Fever,
headache &
muscle pain.
•Hygienic preparations of
food and drinks.
Fly /
Cockroach
Typhoid
Salmonella
typhi
bacteria
•Contaminated
food & water.
•Fever,
intestinal
bleeding & red
rashes.
•Only eat cooked foods &
drink boiled water.
Fly Cholera
Vibrio
cholerae
bacteria
•Diarrhea and
vomiting.
Vectors

31. How do Vectors Spread Diseases?
Mosquito that has pathogens in its
salivary glands sucks the blood of
an uninfected person.
Mosquito secretes saliva when
sucking the blood to prevent
blood clotting. The infection
spreads thriughout the body of the
person.
Mosquito
Another mosquito that bites the
infected person

32. How do Vectors Spread Diseases?
A fly that lands on dirt has
pathogens on its legs and body.
The fly transmits the pathogens to
the food.
The pathogens enter the body of
the person who eats the
contaminated food.
Fly

33. Mechanism to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases
•Improvinghealth:
❖Improvepersonal&familyhygiene,
cleanlinessoflivingplaces&sanitation
systems.
•Strengtheningthebody’sdefencesystem:
❖Gettingvaccines&immunisationforbabies,
children,pregnantwomen,foodpremises
operators,hajjpilgrims&travellers.
•Frequenthealthcheck-ups
•Maintainingahealthylifestyle:
❖Inhalingcleanair
❖Eatingabalanceddiet
Primary

34. •Determiningtransmissionofinfections
throughactive&passivecase
detection:
❖Givingearlytreatmenttopatients.
❖Separatingpatientsfromothers.
Mechanism to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Secondary

35. •Controllingvectorpopulations:
❖Destroyingvectorbreeding&hiding
places.
❖Fogging.
❖Enforce/tightenthelaws.
•Protectinghosts:
❖Usemosquitonets/coils.
❖Wearthickclothes.
Mechanism to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Tertiary