Formulation of research problem two .pptx

7 Habits That Turn Boys into Men

1. Taking Responsibility:

Real men understand the importance of taking responsibility for their actions and decisions. This habit goes beyond simply admitting when they are wrong; it involves owning up to the consequences of their choices and working to make amends. They don't make excuses or blame others for their circumstances. Instead, they face challenges head-on and use their experiences as learning opportunities. By taking responsibility, they build credibility and trust with others, which is foundational for any meaningful relationship. This practice fosters maturity and accountability, setting the stage for personal and professional growth.

2. Developing Self-Discipline:

Self-discipline is a cornerstone habit that men cultivate in all areas of life. They set clear, achievable goals and establish effective routines to reach them. This involves prioritizing long-term benefits over short-term pleasures, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing finances wisely, or advancing in their careers. By mastering self-discipline, they develop the ability to stay focused and resilient in the face of distractions and setbacks. This habit empowers them to make consistent progress toward their aspirations, ultimately leading to a more fulfilled and purposeful life.

3. Seeking Continuous Growth:

Men are committed to personal growth and lifelong learning. They actively seek new knowledge, skills, and experiences, understanding that growth is a continuous process. They embrace challenges and step out of their comfort zones to push their boundaries. This habit includes reading, attending workshops, learning new hobbies, or seeking mentorship. By constantly pushing themselves to improve, they become more adaptable and innovative, capable of navigating an ever-changing world. This commitment to growth not only enhances their own lives but also positively impacts those around them.

4. Cultivating Emotional Intelligence:

Emotional intelligence is crucial for building strong, meaningful relationships. Men develop self-awareness, allowing them to understand their emotions and the impact they have on others. They regulate their emotions effectively, ensuring that their reactions are appropriate and constructive. By empathizing with others, they build deeper connections and navigate social complexities with ease. Effective communication and mature conflict resolution are key aspects of this habit, fostering an environment of mutual respect and understanding.

5. Showing Respect:

Real men treat others with respect, regardless of their background or status. They listen attentively, value different perspectives, and treat everyone with dignity. This habit is about recognizing the inherent worth of every individual and behaving in ways that reflect this understanding. Respect is earned through actions, not demanded, and men who consistently show respect build strong, supportive networks both personally and professionally

1. Chapter Two Formulation of Research problem 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 1

2. "Well begun is half done" Aristotle 30/03/2024 Tihetna Kelemu 2

3. Definition Some difficulty in a theoretical or practical situation that researcher experiences and wants to solve. Is the issue that exists in the literature , theory , or practice that leads to a need for the study. The question that he/she should ask him/herself is: Are there questions about this problem to which answers have not been found up to the present? We have the problem only if we do not know what course of action is best , and must be in doubt about the solution. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 3

4. Example Problem: Declining of sales Objectives: Improving sales of the company Course of actions: Decreasing price, Increasing quality, Changing package Offering discount Motivating workers 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 4

5. Cont’d A potential research situation arises when three conditions exist A perceived discrepancy exists between what is & what should be. A question exists about why there is a discrepancy. At least two possible & reasonable answers exist to the question. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 5

6. Why is it important to state & define the problem? 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 6

7. Because a clear statement of the problem : Is the foundation for further development of the research proposal (objectives, methodology, work plan, budget, etc.) Makes it easier to find information & reports of similar studies from which your own study design can benefit. Enables you to systematically point out why the proposed research on the problem should be undertaken & what you hope to achieve with the study results. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 7

8. Basic Terminology Consider a topics at a general level For each topic there is a potential research problem A research problem is an enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling condition The purpose of research is to solve or contribute for the solution of a problem by accumulating relevant information A problem statement articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 8

9. Terminology Cont’d Research questions: are specific queries researchers want to answer in addressing the research problem. guide the types of data to be collected in a study. Hypotheses: make specific predictions regarding answers to the research question pose hypotheses that are tested empirically. statement of purpose: the researcher’s summary of the overall goal of a study. Research aims: are the specific accomplishments the researcher hopes to achieve by conducting the study. It include obtaining answers to research questions or testing research hypotheses but may also encompass some broader aims. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 9

10. Guidelines when choosing a research topic Focus on something that interests you Consider available literature Not to big Consider your understanding and ability take good notes when reading Refer library Get assistance from your instructor Focus, focus and focus 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 10

11. Refining to a researchable question Narrow down the study topic to one (interest and time) Choose a topic considering access to practitioners Identify relevant theory or knowledge around the question Write and re-write the question/title Narrow it down by literature and discussion Identify possible outcomes for the research topic 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 11

12. Identifying Research Problem While formulating the problem, clearly define 1. Who is the focus? 2. What is the subject matter of research? 3. To which geographical territory/area the problem refers to? 4. To which period the study pertains to? 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 12

13. Way of formulating research 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 13

14. Sources for Problem Identification ways to identify problems: Published research Assistance from research organizations Professors Employees and competitors Cultural and technological changes Seminars symposiums 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 14

15. Where Do Research Topics Come From? from two sources: the need to test and refine theory the need to solve a practical problem Research topic can come : review of professional literature discussions with colleagues day-to-day observations of real life situations Textbooks research publications 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 15

16. Evaluating Research Problems It should be New/Original :- do not repeat a known fact(do literature review) Reviewing literature serves to Identify research problem Avoid duplication effort Gain Knowledge on pros and cons of research techniques used in past It tells where others have floundered so that he/she may be cautious It elaborate concepts and terminology 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 16

17. Cont’d It should be Solvable: Research cannot provide answers to philosophical and ethical questions that don’t show the relationship exiting between two or more variables. The reasons could be : It concern super natural or unstructured phenomenon E.g. how does mind work? It can not be operationally defined Measuring anxiety 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 17

18. Cont’d Should be significant: It should answer the following questions What is the purpose in undertaking to solve the particular problem selected/chosen? What new knowledge does he/she hopes to add to the sum total of what is known? What value is this knowledge likely to have? The major dimensions are academic awareness and policy. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 18

19. Cont’d It should be feasible for the researcher Competency(fitness) Familiarity with existing theories, laws and concepts Possess necessary skills needed to develop, administer, and interpret the necessary data gathering tools. Needs to consider whether he has the necessary knowledge of research design and statistical procedure required to carry out the research 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 19

20. Cont’d Financial consideration Ascertain necessary money for data gathering equipment, printing, test material, travel, and clerical assistance Time requirement Interest and Enthusiasm to the Researcher Administrative considerations. pay attention to all administrative matter that is necessary to bring his/her study to its full completion 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 20

21. Hypothesis Formulation hypothesis is a statement, which predicts the relationship between two or more variables is a tentative assumption made to draw out and test its logical and empirical consequences. formulating an appropriate and realistic research hypothesis is a sine qua non for a sound research 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 21

22. Cont’d The initial hypothesis is called working hypothesis because it is subject to modifications as the investigation proceeds. A working hypothesis is a tentative assumption It is useful for causal relationships It should be very specific and limited to the piece of research It delimit the area of research and keep us on the right track 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 22

23. Cont’d Developing a hypothesis answers questions like What do you intend to test? What is your tentative assumption? What is the relationship between variables? 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 23

24. Source of Hypothesis Professional Experience: The daily life experience or the day to day observation of the relationship (correlation) between different phenomena Past Research or Common beliefs Through direct analysis of data or deduction from existing theory Technological and social changes 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 24

25. Importance of hypothesis Represents specific objective, which determine the nature of the data needed to test the proposition Offer basis for selecting the sample, the research procedure, and the statistical analysis needed Keeps the study restricted in scope thereby preventing it from becoming too broad Sets a framework for reporting the conclusion of the study Gives a direction to the data gathering procedure 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 25

26. Main problems in formulating a working hypothesis lack of clear theoretical framework lack of ability to utilize that theoretical framework logically failure to be aware with available research techniques 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 26

27. Characteristics of useable hypotheses The hypothesis must be conceptually clear (defined and accepted) The hypothesis should have empirical referents The hypothesis must be specific The hypothesis should be related to available techniques The hypothesis should be related to a body of theory The hypothesis should be testable The hypothesis should be limited in scope It should be amenable to testing 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 27

28. Types of Research hypothesis There are two types of hypotheses commonly used in research , namely Alternative/ directional hypotheses and Null hypotheses. Alternative hypothesis is stated in a positive form . is written in a directional statement indicating the kind of relationship anticipated . is where the ‘direction’ of the relationship is clearly indicated. Example Educated farmers are more likely adapted to new farming technologies than illiterate farmers. Public universities offer better courses than private universities 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 28

29. Cont’d Null hypothesis is a negative form of the hypothesis ; is which simply states that there is no significant relationship between or among the variables of interest. The research study will determine if the null hypothesis is rejected or accepted. The null hypothesis is concept oriented and has no direction Example There is no relationship between computer literacy and academic achievements of ST MARRY university graduates. 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 29

30. The following tables being explain the type of error 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 30 Position of Hypothesis Null Hypothesis-Accept Null hypothesis-Reject H  TRUE Correct Decision Type: I Error H  FALSE Type II Error Correct Decision

31. The End of the Chapter 30/03/2024 TIHETNA KELEMU 31