Foundations of a curriculum

a power point that discuss about the foundations of curriculum

1. FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

2. FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION SOCIAL FOUNDATION HISTORICAL FOUNDATION PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION

3. PHILOSOPHYCAL FOUNDATIONS

4. PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

5. PERENNIALISM Aim : To educate the rational person; cultivate intellect Role: Teachers assist students to think with reason (critical thinking HOSTS) Focus: Classical subjects, literary analysis. Curriculum is enduring Trends: Use of great books (Bible, Koran, Classics) and Liberal Arts

6. ESSENTIALISM Aim: To promote intellectual growth of learners to become competent Role: Teachers are sole authorities in the subject area Focus: Essential skills of 3R’s; essential subjects Trends: Back to basics, Excellence in education, cultural literacy

7. PROGRESSIVISM Aim: Promote democratic social living Role: Teacher leads for growth and development of lifelong learners Focus: Interdisciplinary subjects. Learner-centered. Outcomes-based. Trends: Equal opportunities for all, Contextualized curriculum, Humanistic education

8. RECONSTRUCTIONISM Aim: To improve and reconstruct society. Education for change Role: Teacher acts as agent of change and reforms Focus: Present and future educational landscape Trends: School and curricular reform, Global education, Collaboration and Convergence, Standards and Competencies

9. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS

10. He started the curriculum development movement. Curriculum is a science that emphasizes students’ needs. Curriculum prepares learners for adult life. Objectives and activities should group together when tasks are clarified. FRANKLIN BOBBIT (1876-1956 )

11. Like Bobbit , he posited that curriculum is science and emphasizes students’ needs. Objectives and activities should match. Subject matter or content relates to objectives. WERRET CHARTERS (1875-1952)

12. Curricula are purposeful activities which are child-centered. The purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth. He introduced this project method where teacher and student plan the activities. Curriculum develops social relationships and small group instruction. WILLIAM KILPARTICK (1875-1952)

13. Curriculum should develop the whole child. It is child-centered. With the statement of objectives and related learning activities, curriculum should produce outcomes. Emphasized social studies and suggested that the teacher plans curriculum in advance. HAROLD RUGG (1886-1960)

14. Curriculum is organized around social functions of themes organized knowledge and learner’s interest. Curriculum, instruction and learning are interrelated. Curriculum is a set of experiences. Subject matter is developed around social functions and learners’ interests. HOLLIS CASWELL (1901-1989)

15. Curriculum is a science and an extension of schools’ philosophy. It is based on students’ needs and interests. Curriculum is always related to instruction. subject matter is organized in terms of knowledge, skills, and values. The process emphasizes problem solving. Curriculum aims to educate generalists and not specialists. RALPH TYLER (1902-1994)

16. She contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concepts development and critical thinking in social studies curriculum. She helped lay the foundation for diverse student population. HILDA TABA (1902-1967)

17. He described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor. Teacchers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core of planners. Significant improvement is achieved through group activity. PETER OLIVA (1992-2012)

18. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

19. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936) He is the father of classical conditioning theory, the S-R theory. The key to learning is early years of life is to train them what you want them to become. S-R theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.

20. EDWARD THORNDIKE (1874-1949) He championed the connectionism theory. He proposed the three laws of learning: Law of Readiness Law of Exercise Law of Effect Specific stimulus has specific response.

21. He proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory. Learning follows a hierarchy. Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions. He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives. ROBERT GAGNE (1916-2002)

22. Theories of Jean Piaget Cognitive development has stages from birth to maturity: Sensory motor stage(0- 2), preoperational stage (2-7), concrete operation stage (7-11)and formal operations (11-onwards) Keys to learning Assimilation Accommodation Equilibration JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980)

23. Theories of Lev Vygotsky Cultural transmission and development Learning precedes development Sociocultural development theory Keys to Learning Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to development The child is an active agent in his or her educational process LEV VYGOTSKY (1896-1934)

24. Gardner’s multiple intelligences Humans have several different ways of processing information and this ways are relatively independent of one another There are eight intelligences: Linguistic, logico -mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily or kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. HOWARD GARDNER

25. Emotion contains the power to affect action. -he called this emotional qoutient . DANIEL GOLEMAN

26. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

27. Gestalt Theory Learning is explained in terms of “wholeness” of the problem Human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of stimuli. Keys to Learning Learning is complex and abstract Learners analyze the problem, discriminate between essential and nonessential data, and perceive relationships. Learners will perceive something in relation to the whole. What or how they perceive is related to their previous experiences. GESTALT

28. He advanced the self-actualization theory and classic theory of human needs. A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of the world. He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust. Keys to Learning - Produce a healthy and happy learner who can accomplish, grow and actualize his or her human self. ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908-1970)

29. Nondirective and Therapeutic Learning he established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning. Children’s perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influenced their learning and behavior in class. Key to Learning - Curriculum is concerned with process, not product; personal needs, not subject matter, psychological meaning, not cognitive scores. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)

30. SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS

31. Society as a source of change Schools as agents of change Knowledge as an agent of change SCHOOLS AND SOCIETY

32. Considered two fundamental elements-schools and civil society-to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

33. Wrote the book Future Shock Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future. Suggested that in the future, parents must have the resources to teach prescribe curriculum from home as a result of technology, not in spite of it.(Home Schooling) Foresaw schools and students work creatively, collaboratively, and independent of their age. ALVIN TOFFLER

34. THANK YOU!!!