Four Stages of Cognitive Development.pptx

Jean Piaget - Proponent
Piaget published his theory of cognitive development in 1936. This theory is based on the idea that a child’s intelligence changes throughout childhood and cognitive skills—including memory, attention, thinking, problem-solving, logical reasoning, reading, listening, and more—are learned as a child grows and interacts with their environment.
Cognitive Development Theory: What Are the Stages? Cognitive development is the process by which we come to acquire, understand, organize, and learn to use information in various ways. Cognitive development helps a child obtain the skills needed to live a productive life and function as an independent adult.

1. Four Stages of Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget-

2. Stage 1. Sensori -motor Stage The first stage corresponds for infancy. This is the stage when a child who is initially reflexive in grasping, sucking and reaching becomes more organized in his movement and activity. The term sensori -motor focuses on the prominence of the senses and muscle movement through which the infant comes to learn, about him and the world. Object permanence This is the ability of the child to know that and object still exists even when out of sight. This ability is attained in the sensory motor stage.

3. Stage 2. Pre-operational Stage   The preoperational stage covers from about two to seven years old roughly corresponding to the preschool years. Intelligence at this stage is intuitive in nature. At this stage, the child can now make mental representations and is able to pretend the child is now ever closer to the use of symbols. This stage is highlighted by the following: Symbolic Function This is the ability to represent object and events. Symbolic function gradually develops the period between 2 to 7 years. Reil , a two-year old may pretend that she is deinking from a glass which is really empty. Though she already pretend the presence of water, the glass remain to be a glass at around for years of age, Nico, may, after pretending to drink from an empty glass, turn the glass into a rocket ship or a telephone. Egocentrism/Self centered This is the tendency of the child to only see his point of view and to assume that everyone also has his same point of view. The child cannot take the perspective of others. You see this in five year-old boy who buys a toy truck for his mother‘s birthday. Or a three years old girl who cannot understand why her cousins call her daddy ―uncle and not daddy ‖ lie traits or characteristics to inanimate object. When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, show will reply, ―Mr. Sun is asleep.‖

4. Centration This refers to the Tendency of the child only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and include other aspects. For example, when a child is presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water, the child will say they have the same amount of water. However, once water from one of the glasses s transferred to an obviously taller buy narrow glass, the child might say that there is more water in the taller glass. The child only focused or ―centered‖ only one aspect for the new glass, that it is a taller glass. Irreversibility Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2 + 3 is 5, but cannot understand 5-3 is 2. Animism This is the tendency of children to attribute human

5. Stage 3. Concrete- Operational Stage This stage is characterized by the ability of the child to think logically but only in term of concrete objects. This covers approximately the ages between 8 - 11 years or the elementary school years. The concrete operational stage is marked by the following: Decentering This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations. No longer is the child focused or limited to one aspect or dimension. This allows the child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations Reversibility During the stage of concrete operations, the child can now follow that certain operation cannot be reversed Conservation This is the ability to know that certain properties of object like number, mas, volume, or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance. The concrete operational child can now judge rightly that the amount of water in a taller but narrower container is still the same as when the water was in the shorter but wider glass. Seriation This refers to the ability to order or arrange thins in a series based on one, dimension such as weigh, volume or size .

6. Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage In the final stage of formal operations covering ages between 12 and 15 years, thinking becomes more logical. They can now solve in general ideas or specific problems and can educated guess. This stage is characterized by the following Hypothetical Reasoning This is the ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to make a final decision or judgment. This can be done in the absence of concrete objects; the individuals can now deal with ―What if‖ questions. Analogical reasoning The ability to perceive the relationship one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answer in another similar situation or problem. The individual in the formal operation stage can make an analogy. If United Kingdom is to Europe, then Philippines is to Asia. The individual will reason that since the UK is found in the continent of Europe then the Philippines is found what continent? Then Asia is his answer. Through reflective thought and even in the absence of concrete object the individual can now understand relationship and do analogical reasoning Deductive Reasoning This is the ability to think logically by applying general rule to a particular instance or situation. For example, all countries near the North Pole have cold temperatures Greenland is near the North Pole. Therefore, Greenland has cold temperature