Framing by nao

Framing in the simplest and shortest way. Framing is creating of frames in data link layer.

1. Communication Network F R A M I N G A Presentation on By Th Nanao 7 th Semester ECE 1

2. Frames and Framing Frames Are The Small data Units Created By Data Link Layer And The Process Of Creating Frames By The Data Link Layer Is Known As Framing . 2

3. Communication without FRAMING UNFRAMED DATAS “NITMANIPUR” 3 SEND!! RECEIVED!

4. So what FRAMING does is… NIT Manipur 4

5. Methods of FRAMING Character Count. Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing. Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing. Physical Layer Coding Violation. 5

6. Character Count 6 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 8 9 1 2 3 Frame 1 5 characters Frame 2 5 characters Frame 3 8 characters Frame 4 8 characters

7. Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing. A B C D 7 DLE STX A B C D DLE ETX Data from Network Layer Start of Frame DATA End of Frame

8. Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing 01111110 DATA 01111110 8 FLAGS Starting Flag Bit Ending Flag Bit

9. An example of Bit Stuffing 9 011011111111111111110010 011011111111111111110010 011011111 11111 11111 10010 Bits stuffed at the sender Bits de-stuffed at the receiver Original data

10. Physical Layer Coding Violation This Framing Method Is Used only In those network In which Encoding On The Physical Medium Contain some Redundancy. Some LANs Encode Each Bit Of Data By using two Physical Bit i.e . Manchester coding is Used. In this method Bit 1 Is encoded into high-low(10) Pair And Bit Is Encoded Into low-high(01)pair shown in figure . 10

11. Physical Layer Coding Violation 11 1 1 1 Menchester Encoding

12. Conclusion We learned what is framing, why we need it and how to apply them according to the requirements. Without framing the data sequence will not be in order. Without framing we wouldn't be able to view the original information received. Framing is the key to Sequential flow of data in its true form. 12

13. Thank You For ‘any’ doubt visit www.google.com 13