From_Trade_to_Territory_Class8.ppt history

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1. From Trade to Territory Class 8 History – Chapter 2 NCERT Explanation & Solutions

2. Introduction The East India Company came to India as traders in spices, cotton, silk, etc. Gradually established political power over large parts of India. This chapter explains how trade turned into territorial control.

3. East India Company Arrives 1600 – East India Company established in England. 1602 – Dutch East India Company formed. 1608 – First English ship arrived at Surat. Competition with Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Indian traders.

4. Struggle for Trade Company wanted monopoly over trade. Conflict with local rulers and other European companies. Established fortified settlements in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.

5. Battle of Plassey (1757) Siraj-ud-daulah vs. East India Company (Robert Clive). Company won with support of Mir Jafar. First major victory leading to British political control in India.

6. Battle of Buxar (1764) Shah Alam II, Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah vs. Company. Company victory gave Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. Company now collected revenue directly.

7. Expansion of Company Rule Subsidiary Alliance – Indian rulers kept under British control. Doctrine of Lapse – annexation of states without heirs. Wars with Mysore, Marathas, and Sikhs expanded Company power.

8. Administrative Changes Company became political power, not just traders. Introduced new revenue and judicial systems. British Crown took control after 1857 Revolt.

9. NCERT Solutions – Exercise Q1 Q: Match the following. Diwani – right to collect land revenue. Tiger of Mysore – Tipu Sultan. Faujdar – Mughal military commander. Rani Channamma – Led anti-British resistance in Kitoor.

10. NCERT Solutions – Exercise Q2 Q: Fill in the blanks. 1. The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of Plassey. 2. Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were rulers of Mysore. 3. Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse. 4. Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General of India.

11. NCERT Solutions – Short Q&A Q: How did the Battle of Buxar establish the Company as a strong power? A: It gave them Diwani rights and revenue control over Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. Q: What was the Doctrine of Lapse? A: A policy where kingdoms without natural heirs were annexed by the Company.

12. Quick Revision 1600 – East India Company formed 1757 – Battle of Plassey 1764 – Battle of Buxar 1799 – Death of Tipu Sultan 1857 – Revolt; British Crown takes control