Fumitories and masticatories

In this slide share we learn about betel, areca and opium.

1. Fumitories & Masticatories Department of Botany Prepared by Arun Singh Yadav, Vivek Kumar Singh & Rajnish Kumar, M.Sc. 2 nd semester Under the Supervision of Dr. Dinesh Yadav

2. Fumitories- Those substances which are used for smoking . E.g.- Beedi, Cigarette, Cigar, Charas . Masticatories- Those substances which are used for chewing. E.g.- Betel, Tobacco, Kattha, Supari.

3. Fumitories

4. Tobacco “ Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them ” Botanical name - Nicotiana tabacum Family - Solanaceae Parts of Plant use - Leaves Geographical origin - North A merica Active Ingredients - Nicotine, H armine

5. Tobacco is an important commodity all over the world. The original wild ancestor is not known for tobacco. Columbus was the first to note the use of tobacco by Indians. Jean Nicot , for whom the plant was named Nicotiana. Nicotiana benthamiana is most common species Which is used as a source tobacco.

6. Cultivation- They are planted in seed beds, and the seedlings are transplanted when they are 4-6 inch in height. The best soil is light sandy loam, rich in humus, and well fertilized with potash, lime and other essential elements.

7. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in Cigarettes, Cigars, P ipe tobacco and tobacco is also used for chewing and in Paan. Beedi is prepared by the wrapping of tobacco in the leaf of Coromandel ebony. Tobacco Flower and Bud Uses-

8. Beedi “ The leaves wrapped around the tobacco to create the Indian beedi ” Botanical name- Diospyros melanoxylon Common Name – Coromandel Ebony Family - Ebenaceae Parts of plant use- Leaves Hindi name- Tendu Patta ( chMh ) Native to- India And Sri Lanka

9. Cigarette A Cigarette is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in a thin paper made up of the Linum usitatissimum . The end of cigarette by which smoke is in held is made up of Gossypium hirusitum .

10. Cannabis or Marijuana Hindi name – xkatk English name - Marijuana Botanical name - Cannabis sativa Family - Cannabinaceae Parts of plant use – Flower Geographical origin – Central and South Asia Active Ingredients – Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabivarin

11. Mode of Consumption of Cannabis- Bhang – Bhang is Prepared from dried leaves & male & female flowering shoots of the Cannabis plant. It has low resin content. Cannabis , traditionally used in food and drink in the Indian subcontinent. In India and Nepal it is distributed during some H indu festival like Holi, Shivaratri and consuming bhang at such occasions is common.

12. Charas (Hashish) Pure& undiluted, sticky yellow resin which is exuded from the female flower of cannabis plants k/a Charas in india & Hashish in middle east. Which is handmade in India, Lebanone , Pakistan , Nepal , and Jamaica.

13. Charas was popular among young professionals and Indian Sadhus, the Naga Sadhu and Tantric, Bhairava. Many smoke it in clay pipes called Chillums using a cotton cloth to cover the smoking end of the chillum and inserting a tightly packed pebble size ball of cannabis as filter under the chunk of Charas.

14. Ganja- It is obtained from dried female inflorescences of Cannabis plants. It has relatively high resin contents.

15. Masticatories

16. Paan What is Paan? “ The leaf of betel wrapped along with the betel nut, catechu, calcium hydroxide, peppermint, clove, cardamom and some time tobacco leaf is added for the effect of nicotine.”

17. Betel (Paan) Hindi name – iku Sanskrit name- rkEcqy Botanical name – Piper betle Family - Piperaceae Parts of plant use – Leaf Geographical origin – Malaya Continent Piper betle

18. The betel plant is an evergreen perennial, with heart-shaped leaves. The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in Asia, Madagascar , West Indies & in India, UP, Andhra P radesh, WB, and MP. In India and some other countries formers are called as Barai. Betel is used as mouth freshener.

19. In Sri Lanka & India betel is traditionally offered as a mark of respect. In wedding ceremonies, and occasions and in respect of guests, betel is provided. There are so many type of P aan, such as- Banarasi Paan, Magahi Paan, Meetha Paan and MAVA.

20. Areca nut Name ( Hindi, Nepali, Konkani, Marathi)- lqikjh Common Name – Betel Nut Botanical name – Areca catechu Family - A recaceae Areca nut is the seed of the Areca Palm ( Areca catechu ) Areca nut

21. Areca nut is a popular masticatory in India. It is a cultivated palm tree, probably a native to M alaya. It is widely cultivated in East Africa, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia. It is mainly grown in coastal belt of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Mumbai. It usually grown as a mixed crop with plantain and coconut. Fruiting begins when plants are about 10-15 year old.

22. Areca nut is Carcinogenic for human. Areca nut can only be sliced using a special scissors like cutter known as Sarautaa in Hindi. In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are as such important symbols of love and marriage that in Vietnamese the phrase “ Matters of betel and areca”

23. Ingredients in Areca Nut- Arecatanins- A type of Tannin Gallic acid , Oil gum, A little Terpineol and Lignin Alkaloids- Arecoline, Arecaidine and Guacine . The Arecoline is the primary psychoactive drug, contribute to histologic changes in the oral mucosa.

24. Use of Areca nut It is mainly used in Paan, but in India, Sri Lanka & South China are also use for making Ayurvedic medicine. Tradition of chewing of areca nut starts the talk between groom’s parents and the bride’s parents in Vietnam. It is used in I ndian wedding also where in Assam it has a role of fertility symbol.

25. Gutka Gutka is a powdery, granular, light brownish to white substance. Within moments of chewing mixing with saliva, the gutkha begins to dissolve and turn deep red in color.

26. Gutka or Guṭkha is a preparation of crushed  areca nut ,  tobacco ,  catechu ,   slaked lime   and sweet.   It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries.

27. Areca catechu Catechu is an extract of Acacia tree, the wood is boiled with the water and evaporating the brew. Common Name - Catechu Hindi Name – dRFkk Botanical name – Areca catechu Family – Arecaceae Parts of plant use - Wood Catechu

28. Areca catechu is a medium sized palm tree, growing straight to 30 m tall, with a trunk 10-15 cm diameter. The seed contain Arecatannins which is carcinogenic. The chewing of nut is directly causes Oral Cancer.

29. Coca Botanical name - Erythroxylum coca . Family- Erythroxylaceae. Parts of plant use - Leaf. Morphological nature of plant - evergreen shrub or small tree. Coca

30. Native to - Southwest America Distribution – it is now grown extensively in South America , Java, Sri Lanka ,Taiwan ,India & some part of U.S.A Active Ingredients - Cocaine & Ecgonine Geographical Origin - Andes . Fruit - Drupes .(reddish orange in colour)

31. Use of Coca Coca is known for its psychoactive alkaloid, Cocaine. Coca is used for the treatment of malaria, asthma, & indigestion. Raw coca leaves chewed or consumed as tea. Coca is rich in Vitamin-B, C, E, & Potassium, Calcium & Phosphorus . Coca tea is known as “ Mate de coca”

32. O pium Poppy Opium Poppy Hindi name - vQhe Botanical name - Papaver somniferum Vern.name - Afeem,Post . Family - Papaveraceae Morphological nature of plant & Height - Plants are Annual herb & 60-120 cm high .

33. Fruit - Capsule (Large , Globose & Stalked) (the fruits filled with a large number- of small white & black seed) Parts of plant Use - Seed. Native to - Western Asia. Distribution - At present, opium poppy is cultivated mainly in Australia, India, Turkey &USSR. It is also grown to a small extent in Bulgaria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Japan.

34. Opium is the latex obtainted by scratching the unripe capsules. Opium is the chief source of alkaloid morphine & it is used as narcotic and sedative. Use of Opium Activ e Ingredients - The Crude Opium containes near about 35 alkaloids. Some imp. Alkaloids are Morphine, Thebaine , Codeine, Papaverin , Noscapine ……

35. Poppy seed is an important food item and the source of poppy seed oil- A healthy edible oil . Australia, India & Turkey are the major producer of poppy for medicinal purpose and poppy based drug & Morphine. In India opium is smoked as maadak substance. Heroin is an important drug, a derivative of the Morphine.

36. THANKS!