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1. LE: MEA
AC ALTOS

FUNARIA | Be...

2. SYSTEMATIC POSITION

DAR

Division: Bryophta
Class: Bryopsida
Order: Funariales
Family: Funariaceae
Genus: Funaria

3. INTRODUCTION

+ Common terrestrial
moss

> Have dark green, velvety
patches and grows in
moist shady places

+ Funaria hygrometrica is
most common and
worldwide species

y

> It colonize and grows
best in presence of
calcium, potassium ,
nitrogen, and
phospohorus

4. VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY

Plant body is gametophytic

Differentiated into prostrate,
green, filamentous structure

Erect shoot arise from protonema
called as gametophores( juvenile
gametophyte)

Protonema is short lived

Each gametophore consists of
stem and leaves.

Sex organs are present on apices

Rhizoids are present at the base of
gametophore , absorbs nutrients

carsu
a
[sPOROPHYTE
B
LEAVES
AXIS
m RHIZOIDS

Funaria - (A) Structure of Funaria plant (B) Rhizolds (C) One leaf

5. LEAVES

Leaves are small, ovate, sessile
and green

Born on prostrate branches

Leaves on lower branches are
colorless and on upper branches
are green and large in size

These are called as foliage
leaves and arranged in spiral
fashion

Leaves also surround sex
organs, these are larger in size

Fig. 1. (A, 8), Funaria. (A) A plant,

6. Intenal structure

Stem:

i. Epidermis: it is outer most single
layered. It is made up of thick walled
cells.

ii. Cortex: it is multilayered zone situated
just below the epidermis and consists
of

parenchymatous cells.

iii. Central cylinder: it forms the central
core of the axis and consists of
vertically elongated,

thin walled cell. The central cylinder
provides mechanical strength to plant
and help in

conduction of water and mineral.

7. arranged on the axis
in spiral fashion. The
leaves are sessile.
simple, green

and distinct mid rib.

. Leaves: leaves are

The leaf is single layered V. T.S. OF LEAF
thick except for the mid-
rib. The central part is
similar to the central
cylinder of the axis.

8. EPIDERMIS,

B
Funaria hygrometrica. Internal structure, A, Transverse section of stem. B. Transverse section
of leaf; C. Entire leaf.

9. REPRODUCTI( —

7 Sporophyte
> Gametophyte reproduces by
vegetative multiplication and
sexual process
> Sporophyte reproduces by
production of spore

Gametophyte

Capsule

Main axis
L Rhizoïds

10. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

» By death of prostrate branches

> Development of gammae cups pa

> Protonemal growth. In which
fragments are formed and each
fragment grows into new
protonema, buds and give rise to
gametophores. It is done after
the wounding of sporophyte

> Apospory ( buds develop on
protonmea, and it is converted 5
into diploid gametophore . RE m ES

11. SEXUAL REPRODUCTIO

Funaria is monecious ,

Antheridia and archegonia are present on
the apices of separate erect branches
called gametophores.

These organs are intermingled with the
sterile hairs called paraphyses.

These paraphyses contains chloroplast
and apical cell is globose , meet with
antheridia to cover it.

Paraphyses also hold water by capillary ,
and helps in preventing desiccation .

12. MALE
BRANCH

Antheridia develop in group and present
on the convex shaped apex of leafy
branch gametophore called as male
branch. The antheridia are intermingled
with paraphyses

Structure

It is club shaped born on stalk. The
main body contains a mass of
spermatogenesis cells surrounded by
layer of jacket cells.

The free distal end of the antheridium is
differentiated into cap like structure,
the operculum . It helps in dehiscence .

hoc 2
en Antharidium in
Por sechon

Tip ot the malo
gametophore

Fig: Section of gametophore and antheridium

13. FEMALE BRANCH

The gametophore bearing archegonia is
called as female branch.it arises from
the base of male branch. The apex of
the branch flattens into a receptacle on
which archiege na develop in clusters in
intermingled with paraphyses.

Structure

A mature archegonium is a flask shaped
which is borne on short stalk.

it has basal swollen part, the venter, and
elongated neck. The venter is
surrounded by a two layered jacket
whereas the around the neck is single
layer.

15. ‘stem
Fig. 200. Funarie. A, L. S. apex of a female branch;
8, A mature archegonium.

16. FERTILIZATION AND POST
FERTILIZALIONCHANGES

dew drops from the apical en ranch.

The jacket cells imbibe water and split up from
the operculum forming a small pore.

The male gametes move in a mass.

At the same time the neck canal cell and venter
canal cell disintegrate to form mucilage .

It absorbs moisture , swell up and forces the
disintegration of apical cell of neck.

The male sperms are attracted chemotactically ,
and after this fertilization takes place.

The zygote sniarges in size to fill up venter and
secret a thick wall around it.

After fertilization, the venter cells divide and form
protective sheath called calyptra around the
sporogonium

17. calypt

W / eof,
\ d

filament or ‘seta’

18. SPOROGONIUM

The sporophyte in Sporophyte
funaria is commonly
called as sporogonium )
Spores are produced N
ih RR
by meiosis aK
aK
AR
\7 ‘Gametophyte

y

19. STRUCTURE OF F
SPOROGONIUM pS

It is borne at the end of female
branch

It has following parts |

1. Massive foot D
2. Long seta
3. Pear shaped capsule

20. FOOT

Foot is embedded in the
apical tissue of female
branch .

It absorbs water and
nutrients from the
gametophyte

annulus

operculum.
capsule
seta sporophyte
(2n)
YN
foot anchored
in female

rosette

21. SETA

The seta is long
and it carries
capsule at the
apex.

it consist of
central conducting
strand composed
of thin walled cells
surrounded by
cortex and
epidermis ,
covered by cuticle

22. CAPSULE

Capsule is pear shaped, and
highly organized spore producing
structure

At younger stage it is green, but
as it matures it turns dark brown

The apical part of capsule is
covered by remains of ruptured
calyptra

The capsule has considerable
tissue differentiation

24. KH lulticellular
tom thizoids
Annulus
(forces off
operculum)
Detached
‘operculum (lid)
Peristome - double
row of teeth, close
‘opening when damp, Front view of capsule,
‘open out when dry showing outer peristome of

teeth closed over opening

25. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF
SPORGONIUM

Foot : it is bulbus mass of tissues
embedded in the apical tissue of
female branch

Seta : it consist of central
conducting strand composed of
thin walled cells surrounded by
cortex and epidermis , covered by
cuticle

Capsule : capsule has three distinct
regions.

1. Apophysis
2. theca
3. Operculum

26. APOPHYSIS

Basal swollen, sterile region
of capsule,

The wall is made up of
epidermis that contains
stomata

Below this, a photosynthetic
spongy layer is present that
has intercellular spaces.

In the center a strand of
thin walled, vertically,
elongated cells are present
that are conducting.

me operculum

Operculum
Perisiome

Annulus

Rim

Columelta

‘Outer wall of spore sac

Spores

Inner wall of spore sac

Hypodermal layer

Spongy layer

Air space

Apophysis

/
Conducting

strand Seta

1.8. of capsule of Funaria

27. THECA

Central part of capsule

Sterile central part called as collumela is
present.

Collumela is surrounded by barrel shaped
spore sac that contain spore mother cells

Outer to these sac, there is a wide air space
called as trabeculae that connects capsule
wall to the wall of spore sac

The wall of theca consist of
1. Epidermis

2. Hypodermis

3. Two celled thick photosynthetic spongy
layer

28. OPERCULUM

The conical, cap like terminal region of capsule

It consist of 3-4 layered thin walled cells covered

with epidermis

Below the operculum is peristome

( ring: of tooth like segments) it consist of 16 long
e

dou , incurved teeth and 16 thin walled inner
segments .

The peristome is attached to the ring of thin walled g
cells that form rim of capsule

The peristome teeth are hygroscopic and respond
to the slight change in moisture

Annulus : the lower 2 layer of cells are thin walled

and constitute annulus . 19. Funaria Sp. : A - Gamstopkyic plant with caprule, B ~ Section through
sem axis. C —Copaute, D = Section through capaude, E - Peristome
The degeneration of annulus results in loosening pi

and dropping off of operculum

29. PERISTOME

30. Fig. 14, (A-C). Funaria. Dehisence of capsule. (A) Capsule with peristome,
(B) Top view of peristome, (C) An outer and an inner peristomial teeth.