Functional English 03. Noun, Number, Gender

It teaches about 6 types of noun, gender, number and cases. Watch its video: https://youtu.be/mp-PWftAa6c

1. Noun, Pluralizing, Gender, Case
Lecture No.2
Zafar Ullah, [email protected]

2. Noun
A noun is a word that names
something: a
person, a place, a thing, or an idea.
Examples:
student
Shakar Parea
hospital
CUST
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3. Six Types of Nouns
•1. Common
•2. Proper
•3.Concrete
•4.Abstract
•5.Collective
•6. Material Noun
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4. 1.Common Nouns
A common noun refers to a common
person, place, thing, or idea. Common
nouns are not capitalized.
Examples:
•scientist
•mosque
•car
•theory
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5. 2.Proper Nouns
A proper noun names a particular
person,
place, thing, or idea.
Examples:
•Dr. Abdus Salam
•Faisal Mosque
•Suzuki
•Two Nation Theory
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6. Tell if the underlined noun is common or proper.
•Fatima visited her school
last Friday.
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7. 3. Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun names a thing that is
tangible (can be seen, touched, heard,
smelled, or tasted). Concrete nouns are
either proper noun or common noun.
Examples:
•child
•music
•Grand Canyon
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8. 4. Abstract Nouns
An abstract noun names an idea, a
condition, or a feeling—in other words,
something that cannot be touched, smelled,
tasted, seen or heard.
Examples:
•Freedom, bravery
•Greed, cowardice
•Progress, courage
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9. 5. Collective Nouns
A collective noun names a group or a unit.
Examples:
•United States
•team
•crowd
•community
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10. List of Collective Nouns
•a circle of friends
•a panel of experts
•a body of men
•a class of pupils
•a pack of hounds
•See more collective nouns from
http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/collective-
nouns.html
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11. Collective Nouns Singular/ Plural
A collective noun is singular when it refers to a group
considered as one unit;
it is plural when it refers to the individuals in the
group.
The class was on its best behaviour. (group as a unit)
The class are preparing for their final exams.
(individuals in the group.)
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12. 6. Material Noun
•It refers to amaterialor substance from
which things are made such as silver,
gold, iron, cotton, diamond, plastic,
protein.
•Iron is used in all industries.
•Protein is critical for energy."
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13. Forms of Nouns
Nouns are grouped according to their
number, gender, and case.
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14. Number of Noun
Number indicates whether the noun is
singular or plural.
•1.Singular Noun: A singular noun refers to ONE
person, place, thing, or idea.
actor stadium Canadian bully
person
•2. Plural Noun: A plural noun refers to MORE
THAN ONE person, place thing, or idea.
actorsstadiumsCanadians bullies
people
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15. Plural Nouns
•A plural form of a noun
names more than one. It
usually ends with sor es.
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16. Pluralizing with “s”
Form the plurals of most nouns by
adding s
to the singular.
cheerleader—cheerleaders
wheel—wheels
crate--crates
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17. Nouns Ending in x, ch, sh, ss,
Form the plurals of nouns ending in sh,
ch,
x, s, and z, by adding esto the
singular.
box…. boxes,
fox--foxes
lunch—lunches
dish—dishes
mess—messes
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18. Pluralize with “es”
•s
–buses
•x
–taxes
•ch
–benches
•sh
–dishes
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19. Nouns Ending in Y
The plurals of common nouns that end in y—preceded by a
consonant—are formed by changing the yto iand adding
es.
fly—flies jalopy(old car)—jalopies
Form the plural of nouns that end in y—preceded by a
vowel—by adding only an s.
donkey—donkeys monkey—monkeys
Note: Form the plurals of all proper nouns ending
in yby adding s.
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20. Add iesto pluralize that endwith a consonant and a y:
•lady
–ladies
•fry
–fries
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21. Nouns Ending in for fe
Form the plurals of nouns that end in f or fe in one
of two ways: if the final fsound is still heard in the
plural form of the word, simply add s; but if the
final
fsound becomes a v sound, change the fto ve
and add s.
Plural ends with f sound: roof—roofs: chief—chiefs
Plural ends with v sound: wife—wives; loaf--loaves
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22. Some nouns that end in for fechange to veswhen
made plural:
•calf
–calves
•knife
–knives
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23. Nouns Ending in O
The plurals of nouns ending in o—preceded
by a vowel—are formed by adding an s.
radio—radiosrodeo( tricks to catch wild
animals with ropes—rodeos
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24. Nouns Ending in O
The plurals of most nouns ending in o—
preceded by a consonant—are formed by
adding es.
echo—echoeshero—heroestomato--
tomatoes
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25. Some nouns that end in ochange to es
when made plural. Some change to s:
•kangaroo
–kangaroos
•potato
–potatoes
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26. Some nouns do not change at all when
made plural:
•sheep
–sheep
•deer
–deer
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27. Some nouns become a new word when
made plural:
•man
–men
•goose
–geese
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28. Quiz: Pluralize
1.half
2.foot
3.piano
4.spy
5.brush
ANSWERS
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29. Answers
1.halves
2.feet
3.pianos
4.spies
5.brushes
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30. Quiz: Pluralize
1.mouse
2.memo
3.shelf
4.leaf
5.child
ANSWERS
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31. Can you make these nouns plural?
1.mice
2.memos
3.shelves
4.leaves
5.children
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32. Quiz: Pluralize
1.thief
2.woman
3.fish
4.photo
5.dice
ANSWERS
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33. Can you make these nouns plural?
1.thieves
2.women
3.fish
4.photos
5.dice
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34. Nouns Ending in ful
Form the plurals of nouns that end in fulby
adding an sat the end of the word.
three pailfuls four mouthfuls
Two spoonfuls
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35. Compound Nouns
Form the plurals of most compound
nouns
by adding sor esto the important word
in
the compound.
brothers-in-law maids of honor
secretaries of state
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36. Examples
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37. Irregular Spelling
A number of words form a plural by
taking
on an irregular spelling.
crisis—crises child—children radius—radii
criterion—criteria goose—geese
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38. Unchanged Plural
Some nouns remain unchanged when used
as plurals.
deerhair fish sheep salmon aircraft
series
moose
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39. Foreign Language Numbers
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40. Gender of A Noun
Gender indicates whether a noun is
masculine, feminine, neuter, or indefinite.
•i) Masculine: A noun that denotes a male
human/ animal is masculine. For exampleuncle,
brother, men,
•ii)Feminine: A noun that denotes a female
human/ animal is feminine. For exampleaunt,
sister, women, cow, hen, filly
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41. Types of Gender
iii) Common Gender: A noun that
denotes either male or female is said
to be of the Common Gender. Parent,
teacher, baby, doctor
•iv) Neuter Gender: a noun that
denotes a thing neither a male nor a
female.
•book, pen, room
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42. Case of a Noun
Case tells how nouns are related to
other
words used with them. There are three
cases:
1.Nominative/ subjective,
2.Objective/accusative
3. Possessive
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43. 1. Nominative/ subject
•When a noun (or Pronoun) is used as the
Subject of a verb, it is said to be in the
Nominative Case.
•Atifthrew a ball.( Atif–Nominative)
•Heread ‘High school English Grammar.”
( He-Nominative)
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44. 2. Objective/ Accusative
•When a noun (or Pronoun) is used as the
Object of a verb, it is said to be in the
Objective Case.
•Atif threw a ball.(ball –Objective)
•He read ‘High school English Grammar.”
(‘High school English Grammar -Objective)
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45. 3. Possessive/ Genitive
•The noun which shows ownership or
possession is called Possessive case.
•The boy’sbook has lost.
•Shakespeare’sdramas are everlasting.
•For Jesus’ sake
•Girls’college is vast.
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46. Thanks
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47. Question Answers
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