Functional English 12. Punctuation Marks and Their Usages (Code 0068)

It teaches all punctuation rules with examples. Watch video https://youtu.be/T6c57dqRj6w

1. Punctuation Marks and
Their Usage
Lecture No. 18
Zafar Ullah, lecturer in English [email protected]

2. Definition
•The marks, such as full stop, comma, and
brackets, used in writing to separate
sentences and their elements and to
clarify meaning.
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3. Why to Study Punctuation Marks
•Clarity of meaning
•To show quoted words
•To show pauses
•Intonation
•To emphasize as rhetoric
•Used in speech
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4. Change Punctuations, Change Meanings
•Woman, without her man, is nothing.
•Woman! Without her, man is nothing.
•Let’s eat, Grandma!
•Let’s eat Grandma!
•AMMA TALLO ME PKAO
•AMMA, TALLO ME PKAO
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5. 1. Full Stop/ Period (.)
i. To show the end of the sentence
•He took his breakfast.
ii. To show abbreviations
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6. 2. Comma (,)
•Thecommais used to show a separation
of ideas or elements within the structure of
a sentence.
i. Listing comma
I bought pens, pencils, books and erasers.
ii. Separation of two clauses
We went to the movies, and we went out to
lunch.
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7. Cont…
iii. It is used in numbers, dates, and letter
writing after the salutation and closing.
•Dear sir,
•Yours affectionately,
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8. 3. Question Mark (?)
•Use aquestion mark(?) to indicate a
direct question when placed at the end of
a sentence.
•When will you leave for CUST?
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9. 4. Sign of Exclamation (!)
•To show feelings of happiness, sadness
and surprise
•Hurrah!
•Alas!
•What a charming museum it is!
•How fascinating Centaurus is!
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10. 5. Inverted Commas (“…”)
•To quite the exact words of someone
•He said to me, “I shall send you a gift
tomorrow.”
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11. 6. Colon (:)
i. It introduces a quotation, an explanation, an
example, or a series.
•He was planning to study four subjects: politics,
philosophy, sociology, and economics.
ii. In independent clauses when the second clause
explains the first clause, similar to a semicolon:
•I didn't have time to get changed: I was already
late.
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12. Cont…
iii. It is used for emphasis:
•There was one thing she loved more than
any other: her dog.
iv. A colon also has non-grammatical uses in
time (8:30 A.M), ratio (2:3), APA references
and business communication (To Whom It
May Concern: .
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13. 7. Semicolon (;)
i. It is used to connect two independent
clauses in compound sentences
(FANBOYS;).
Danish was hurt; he knew she wanted to
insult him.
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14. 8. Apostrophe (Ali’s)
i.To show possession of human beings
Ali’s bag is white.
ii. Understood “s” in plural nouns
This is girls’ hostel.
iii. Contractions
I’m a student.
They’re working hard.
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15. 9. Hyphen (-)
i. Hyphenscombine words together to
makeCompound Nouns/Adjectives.
Hyphens are also used with
somesuffixesandprefixes, such as -like, -
wise, anti-, andpost-to make new
adjectives. Anti-violent, Dog-like, Ability-
wise, Decision-making, City-owned
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16. cont…
ii. Compound numbers and continuous
numbers requirehyphenin them and their
function is usually adjectives in the
sentence.
•Sixty-five, Their age is 23-25.
•William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
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17. 10. Dash (–)
i. Adashhints a brief break in thought or
helps to add information to a sentence. A
dash has no space before or after it.
•The man was running around the
building—I couldn’t see his face—and
disappeared down the alley.
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18. Cont…
•ii. A dash can replace the conjunctions
such asnamely, that is,orin other
wordsto add new information or
explanation.
•I was thinking about another road—the
one through Metro Cash and Carry.
•There’s only one way not to lose—don’t
even participate in the game.
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19. 11. Parentheses -()
•Parenthesesblock off materials that
interrupt the text to add information.
•The parks (in Islamabad) are always
crowded.
•We provide a lot of academic services.
(See our website)
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20. 12. Brackets [ ]
i.Bracketsenclose the additional things for
clarification in the quoted material.
•“It [the river] taught me all I ever knew
about life.”
•“Yeats used to love her [Maude Gonne],
and he wrote many poems about her.”
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21. 13. Slash (/)
i.To show omission c/o (in care of)
ii.To show fractions ¾
iii.To show date 27/11/2020
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22. 14. Caret (^)
•To carry out a correction and point the
place to insert
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23. 15. Ellipsis(…)
i.Theellipsisis most commonly
represented by three periods (. . . )
although it is occasionally demonstrated
with three asterisks (***). The ellipsis is
used in writing or printing to indicate an
omission, especially of letters or words.
He began to count, "One, two, three, four…"
until she got to 10
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24. 16. Braces{ }
i. They are used to contain two or more lines
of text or listed items to show that they are
considered as a unit. They are not common.
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25. Thanks
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26. Question Answers
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