Fundalmentals of Waves consist of type of waves

topic for Igcse (Malaysian chapter form 3)

1. PHYSICS FORM 4 WAVES 5.1 FUNDAMENTAL OF WAVES

2. LEARNING STANDARD 1 5.1.1 Describe waves

3. A stone is dropped into water. What do you see? Wave that moves outward from the center.

4. Calm water Water moves up and down No sound Hear sound Activity 1 To study vibration of a ripple tank and vibration of a tuning fork 1. Attach a dipper until its spherical end touches the surface of water. Observe the surface of water when: (a) Motor does not vibrate (b) Motor vibrates 2. Hold a tuning fork. Can you hear the sound produced by the tuning fork if: (a) Does not vibrate (b) vibrate?

5. Waves can be produced by an oscillating or a vibrating system The oscillation of a dipper on the water surface produce water waves The vibration of a tuning fork in the air produces sound waves

6. Water waves carry energy too. Observe the effect of energy carried by water waves

7. A process of transferring energy from one location to another which is produced by an oscillating of vibrating system. What is wave?

8. What do you see on the water surface? Water waves are produced The leaf represent a water particle. How does the water particle moves? The water particle moves up and down What is the direction of propagation of the water wave? From right to left

9. As the wave passes by, does the leaf move together with wave? No, the leaf does not move together with the wave. Instead it moves up and down about its initial position. Waves transfer ENERGY as they move along the water particles. However, the waves do not carry the water particles along with them. That is why the leaf still remains about its initial position WAVE TRANSFER ENERGY WITHOUT TRANSFERRING MATTER.

10. water left right water up down Energy When a stone is dropped into a pond, _________ wave are produced. The water waves propagate on the surface of the water. The direction of propagation of the water waves is from ……….. to ……… The cork represents the ……………. particle The cork does not move together with the wave, instead it moves ….. and ………….. about it initial position. What is transferred by waves?   Wave transfer energy as the move along the wave particles. However, the waves do not carry the water particles along with them How do wave transfer energy?

11. Tie a ribbon to the slinky spring. Let two pupils hold each end o the slinky spring. 3. Move end A of the slinky spring from side to side while end B is fixed. 4. Observe the movement of the waves along the slinky spring and the movement of the ribbon. Activity 2 To investigate the propagation of waves as energy transfer. What is felt by the pupil at end B after the slinky spring is moved from side to side? 2. What is the direction of energy transfer along the slinky spring? 3. Describe the movement of the ribbon? He felt the vibration of the spring. From left to right. The ribbon only vibrates up and down at a fixed position.

12. 1. Movement of waves from end A to end B transfer energy from A to B. Conclusion 2. The ribbon only vibrates in a fixed position. The ribbon does not move in the direction in which the energy is transferred by the waves. Waves are produced when a medium vibrates at a fixed position. Propagation of the waves transfers energy from one place to another without transferring the matter of the medium Activity 2 To investigate the propagation of waves as energy transfer.

13. Sound is a form of energy. What happens to the flame when the hand beat the drum. Why? The flame will flick. Sound waves transfer energy from the vibrating drum to the candle flame, causing the flame to flicker. As the wave passes through the air, do the air particles move along with the wave? No, the air particles vibrates about their initial positions.

14. The air particle transfer energy to the next particle but stays about its initial position. As the wave passes through the air, the energy is transferred without the transferring of matter.

15. To left and to right Sound waves transfer energy from the speaker to the candle flame. B. A candle light is put in front of a speaker Observe the flame when the speaker produces sound. State the direction of the flame. How does the flame receive energy to move? When energy is transferred by a wave from a vibrating source to a distant receiver, there is no …………. of matter between the two point. transfer Activity 2 To investigate the propagation of waves as energy transfer.

16. Energy transfer through sea waves motion can be huge. For example, during tsunami, the energy carried by water waves from the sea can cause great damage to the surroundings. Most of the energy comes from the winds blowing across the surface of the sea. MOZAC

17. LEARNING STANDARD 2 5.1.2 State the type of waves

18. Wave Profile : The shape of the slinky spring as waves propagate through it Activity 3 To state the type of waves

19. PROGRESSIVE WAVE: The wave profile propagates with time along the direction of propagation of the wave. STATIONARY WAVE: The profile of the wave does not propagate with time.

20. MEKANICAL WAVE Requires a medium to transfer energy from one point to another. Made up of vibrating particles of a medium Water waves, sound waves and seismic waves on the surface of the Earth are examples of mechanical waves ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Does not require a medium to transfer energy Made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to one another. Radio waves, light waves and gamma rays are examples of electromagnetic waves

21. LEARNING STANDARD 3 5.1.3 Compare transverse and longitudinal waves

22. Activity 4 Aim: To compare longitudinal wave and transverse wave 1. Hold one end of a slinky spring and give a sharp push at the other end of the spring backward and forward. Observe the movement of the spring. The blue dot represent a particle in the spring. What is the direction of propagation of the wave? What is the direction of vibration of the spring particle? The wave propagates to the right and the spring particles vibrate back and forth. What can you say about the direction of vibration of the particle in relation to the direction of propagation of waves? Both are parallel to each others.

23. Direction of the wave Direction of vibration (a) Label the parts of compression and rarefaction of the spring and the wavelength of the wave produced. (b) Show the direction of the vibration of the coloured thread and the direction of the wave (movement of the spring). compression rarefaction λ Activity 4 Aim: To compare longitudinal wave and transverse wave using a slinky spring.

24. X (c) The wave produced by the slinky spring is a: Transverse wave Longitudinal wave (d) The direction of the spring waves is [parallel / perpenduclar ] to the direction of the particle. (e) The wave that travels along the spring consists of a series of ……………… and ……………… regangan mampatan (f) ……………… is the distance between two successive rarefaction or two successive compression. Wave length

25. A wave in which the direction of vibration of particle in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave is called LONGITUDINAL WAVE.

26. 2. Use the same slinky spring moves the other end of the spring side ways. Observe the movement of the spring. The red dot represent a particle in the spring. What is the direction of propagation of the wave? What is the direction of vibration of the spring particle? What can you say about the direction of vibration of the particle in relation to the direction of propagation of waves? The wave propagates to the right and the spring particles vibrate up and down. They are perpendicular to each other.

27. Arah perambatan gelombang Arah getaran benang (a) Label the wavelength of the wave. (b) Show the direction of the vibration of the coloured thread and the direction of propagation of the wave (movement of the spring) Transverse wave Longitudinal wave (d) The direction of the spring waves is [parallel / perpendicular] to the direction of the vibration of the particle. X (c) The wave produced by the slinky spring is a: λ

28. A wave in which the direction of vibration of particle in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave is called TRANSVERSE WAVE

29. MOZAC A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction of the propagation of wave. Example: sound wave A transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Example: water wave, electromagnetic waves

30. MOZAC

31. LEARNING STANDARD 4 5.1.4 Explain the characteristics of waves: amplitude, period, T, frequency, f, wavelength, λ and wave speed, v

32. Wave fronts Amplitude Wave length Period Frekuency Wave speed How to describe wave? Characteristics of waves A profile of a water wave in a pond. What changes can be observed as the wave propagates across the water surface?

33. Imagine that the screen is the surface of still water. What do you think may happen if you dip a finger into the still water? The dark and the bright lines are called wavefront. A wavefront is the lines joining all the points of the same phase. A point source emit circular wavefronts and a long straight source will emit a plane wavefronts.

34. The movement from one extreme position to the other and back to the same position. : P → Q → R → Q → P . : O → B → O → A → O Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves 1. State the meaning of complete vibration @ oscillation. (a) Displace the pendulum bob and the slotted weight. Mark the position when the bob and slotted weight at rest with letter X. This position is known as equilibrium position . (b) Write the correct for one complete oscillation. Pendulum: Spring:

35. a a a a The maximum displacement of the object from its equilibrium position. 2. State the meaning of amplitude. (a) Mark and label with letter a for amplitude in the oscillating / vibrating system on the above diagram. Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

36. The time taken for one complete oscillation / vibration Number of complete oscillation per second 3. State the meaning of period 4. State the meaning of frequency. Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

37. t = 5.0 s T = 5.0 s = 0.5 s 10 f = 10 = 2 s -1 = 2 Hz 5.0 s (a) Determine the time taken to make 10 complete oscillation / vibration. (b) Determine the period. (c) Determine time for 10 complete vibration / oscillation to determine the frequency of the system. Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

38. Period is time taken for one complete oscillation. T = . time taken . number of complete oscillation = 5/10 = 0.5 s Frequency, f is the number of complete oscillation in one second. f = . Bilangan ayunan lengkap . masa diambil = 10/5 = 2 Hz Compare both formula. Write an equation relating period, T and frequency, f. f = 1 T Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

39. : f = 1 T s -1 = Hz (a) Write an equation relating period, T with frequency, f (b) SI unit for period and frequency is second, s and hertz, Hz respectively. What is the equivalent unit for Hertz? Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

40. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points in phase Wavelength is the distance between two successive crest or troughs. 5. State the meaning of wavelength. Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

41. λ λ λ (a) Mark and label wavelength. Activity 5 Aim: To study amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of waves

42. The speed of a wave is the distance travelled by a wave per unit of time Speed, v = distance travelled per unit time SI unit = meter per second , ms -1 The speed of a wave tells how quickly the energy which is carried by the wave is being transferred.

43. (a) Indicate the interval which represents one wavelength. (b) State pairs of point which are at the same phase. (c) State the direction of propagation of the water wave. AE BF, CG . AE , BF CGD Left to right λ = 20/5 = 4 cm Exersice 1 1. Diagram 1 shows a waves travelling in the sea starting from point A. 2. Based on Diagram 2, calculate the wavelength.

44. 12/2 = 6.0 cm T = 8.0/10 = 0.8 s f = 1/0.8 = 1.25 Hz Diagram 3 shows a steel ruler which is clamped to a table and is oscillating following the path A-B-C-B-A. The time taken to oscillate 10 complete oscillations is 8.0 seconds and distance AC is 12.0 cm. Determine Exercise 1 (a) Amplitude (b) Period (c) Frequency

45. LEARNING STANDARD 5 5.1.5 Sketch and interpret wave graphs: Displacement-time Distance-distance

46. Graf Sesaran - masa Displacement – time graph Graf sesaran - jarak Displacement – time graph

47. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-on-a-string/latest/wave-on-a-string_en.html

48. O: Equilibrium position a : amplitude T : Period http://bt.sasbadi.com/p4180b Activity 6 To sketch displacement-time graph and distance-distance graph 1. The motion of an oscillating spring can be plotted on a displacement against time graph Displacement /cm Time / second displacement /cm Time / s Displacement of particle against time

49. A = amplitude λ = wavelength 2. displacement-distance graph Displacement / cm distance, d / cm displacement / cm distance, d / cm Displacement against time graph Activity 6 To sketch displacement-time graph and distance-distance graph

50. 3. Sketch displacement-time graph for a wave with: amplitude, A = 5 cm period, T = 0.4 s

51. Sketch a graph of displacement-distance for a wave with: Amplitude, A = 10 cm Wavelength, λ = 4 cm

52. Displacement / cm Displacement / cm Time / s Distance / cm Amplitude, A Period, T Frequency, f Wavelength, λ Wave speed, v A = 3 cm T = 0.50 s f = 1/0.50 = 2 Hz λ = 16 cm v = f λ = 2 x 16 = 32 cm/s

53. T = 4 s f = 1/4 = 0.25 Hz 1. Diagram 4 shows a displacement-time graph of a wave. Calculate the frequency of the given wave. Exercise 2

54. 0.5 cm 0.4 s 1/0.4 = 2.5 Hz 2.0 cm 2 . Diagram 5 shows a displacement-time graph and a displacement-distance graph respectively for a water wave. According to those graphs, determine: Exercise 2 Amplitude Period Frequency Wavelength

55. LEARNING STANDARD 6 5.1.6 Determine λ , f and v.

56. a > b a < b Inversely proportional Frequency, wavelength and speed of waves. 1. Relationship between frequency and wavelength (a) Compare the frequency (b) Compare the wavelength (c) At constant speed, state the relationship between frequency and wavelength. (d) Draw graph f against λ and graph f against 1/ λ

57. 2. The relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency.

58. Wavelength Period v = f λ 2. The relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency Based on diagram 7a and 7b, name the: (a) Distance between two successive crest. (b) Time taken to travel between two successive crest. (c) Given the equation: Speed = distance Tempuh = _ 1 _ time frequency Derive equation for speed of waves:

59. Activity 7 Aim: To determine the wavelength, frequency and wave speed. Apparatus: Ripple tank and its accessories, stroboscope, ruler and water Switch on the motor to start the vibration with low frequency. Increase the frequency by increasing th e voltage of the power supply. Observe the wave pattern on the white paper. By using the stroboscope, mark two successive dark lines on the white paper. Measure wavelength, λ with a ruler.

60. Plane wave Circular wave Direction of propagation of waves

61. Keputusan: Lukis corak gelombang bagi frekuensi motor rendah dan tinggi . Mark λ. λ

62. f = 1.6 / 4.0 = 0.4 Hz λ = v = 340 = 0.773 m f 440 10 m 0.4 s 1/0.4 = 2.5 Hz 1. Calculate the frequency of water waves with the wavelength of 4.0 cm and travelling at a speed of 1.6 cm s -1 . Exercise 2 2 . Before a concert starts, a musician tunes his guitar string to not A which has frequency of 440 Hz. What is the wavelength of the sound wave produced by the guitar string if the speed of th e sound in the music hall is 340 m s -1 3 . Diagram 8 shows a displacement-time graph for a wave. Calculate: Amplitude Period Frequency

63. 15 cm 20 cm v = f λ = (5)(20) = 100 cm/s f = v/ λ = 4/2 = 2 Hz 4 . Diagram 9 shows a displacement-time graph produced by a slinky spring vibrating at frequency 5 Hz. Calculate Amplitude Wavelength Wave velocity 5. Diagram 10 shows a wave. The speed of the wave is 4.0 m s -1 . The distance of 5 consecutive crests is 8 m. Calculate the frequency of the wave. Exercise 2

64. Graph B 6. Which of the graphs has a higher frequency? Exercise 2

65. TUTORIAL 5.1

66. v = fλ = (12)(6/4) = 18 cm/s

67. X X 3 SPM 2008

68. Energy / tenaga

69. 1 x

70. 0.2 45.0 x

71. 2 Transverse wave / gelombang melintang 3 SPM 2012

72. 7 SPM 2017

73. Same / sama Number of water droplets in 6.2 is higher Bilangan titisan air 6.2 lebih tinggi 6.2 > 6.1

74. Frequency 6.2 is bigger/ 6.2 > 6.1 Frekuensi 6.2 lebih besar / Wavelength 6.2 is lower / 6.2 < 6.1 Panjang gelombang 6.2 lebih kecil Inversely proportional Berkadar songsang

75. Decreases / berkurang Speed of water waves decreased. Laju gelombang air berkurang .

76. 4 SPM 2007

77. λ λ Compression / mampatan

78. Increases/ bertambah