Fundamental of information and technology

Fundamental of information and technology

1. Fundamentals of Information Technology
Course Number:CABSVO2005
Dr. Asad Malik
Department of Computer Science,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Email:[email protected]
Under VOC Category of FYUP
Aligarh Muslim University
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2. Unit-1
What is Computer:Characteristics of Computer System,
Applications of Computers and IT;
Past, Present and Future of IT.
Basic Components: Processing Unit,
Keyboard, Mouse and VDU,
Other Input/Output Devices,
Computer Memory.
Concept of Hardware
and Software:
Hardware, System Software, Application Software,
Programming Languages;
Representation of Data and Information;
Concept of Data processing;
Computer Software: System Software,
Utilities and Application Software,
GUIs, Office Suites.
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3. What is Computer:
✓A computer isan electronic device that manipulatesinformation, or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data.
✓The word ‘Computer’ derives itself from the Latin word “computare” meaning ‘to calculate’.
✓Computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information.
✓Charles Babbage is father of computer after his invention of analytical engine.
✓Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like
theabacushave aided people in doing calculations since ancient times.
✓The firstdigitalelectronic calculating machines were developed duringWorld War II.
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4. Characteristics of Computer System
There are various
characteristics of
computer system
depending on their
size, capacity, and
specifications.
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence
Versatility
Reliability
Consistency
Memory
Storage Capacity
Remembrance Power
Automation
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The major characteristics of the computer:

5. Speed
•Acomputerworkssofastthatitcanprocessanytaskandprovidetheoutputinfractionsof
seconds.
•Apowerfulcomputercanhandletrillionsofinstructionspersecondwhichisreallyincredible.
•Withitsincrediblespeed,computerscanreducetheamountoftimetoperformanydigitaltask.
•Thespeedofacomputerismeasuredinmicrosecondsandnanoseconds.
Accuracy
•Computersnotonlyprovideincrediblespeed,instead,theyarealsocapableofconsistently
workingwithaccuracy.
•Thedegreeofaccuracyincomputersisveryhigh;computerscanperformcalculationsatalmost
100%accuracy.Errorsmayoccurinacomputersystem,butonlybecauseofwronghuman
inputorinaccuratedata.
Characteristics of Computer System.
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6. Diligence
•Unlikeahuman,thecomputerdoesn’tgettiredorlacksitsconcentration.
•Itcanworkforhourswithoutanyfault.
•Thismeansthatifmillionsofcalculationsaretobedone,acomputerwill
performeverycalculationandprovidealltheresultswiththesameaccuracy.
Versatility
•This means that the computer has the ability to perform completely different
kinds of works with the same accuracy and efficiency at the same time.
•It is not just a calculating machine anymore.
•For example: for one moment it can be used to create invoices or bills, and the
next moment it can be used for inventory management or any multimedia task,
etc.
Characteristics of Computer System.
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7. Reliability
•Theresultsobtainedbythecomputerareveryreliable.Butthisistrueonlywhenthedata
giventothecomputerorprogramiscorrectandreliable.
Consistency
•Thecomputerissoconsistentthatitcanperformtrillionsofprocesseswithouterrorsfor
severalhours.
•Thismeansthatwecanuseacomputer24hoursadayor365daysayearcontinuously.
Furthermore,itprovidesconsistentresultsforthesamesetofdata,thatis,ifitisgiven
thesamesetofdatamultipletimes,itwillgivethesameresulteachtime.
Memory
•Acomputerhasabuilt-inmemory,whereitcanstoreinstantdataimmediately.
•Therandomaccessmemory(primarymemory)thatholdsdataaslongasthecomputeris
connectedtoapowersource.Dataiserasedfrommemoryaftershuttingdownthe
computer.
Characteristics of Computer System.
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8. Storage Capacity
•Computers can store vast amounts of data.
•Besides, we also have the option to store data in secondary devices such as external
drives, or floppies, etc.
•Due to their incredible speed, computers can quickly retrieve data from storage
devices.
•The storage capacity of the computer is commonly measured in Mega-Byte (MB),
Giga-Bytes (GB),Tera-Bytes (TB), and Peta-bytes (PB).
Remembrance
•The computer has the power to store any data or information for as long as we like.
•Data can also be recalled easily if needed. It is our choice to decide how much data
we want to store on the computer and when to recall or erase these data.
Characteristics of Computer System.
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9. Automation
•Computers can also be used to automate routine tasks with the help of a task
scheduler such as launching a specific application or software, sending an email,
scanning for viruses, and many other maintenance tasks.
•Besides, computers can also be programmed to perform many complex tasks.
•For example, the computer can start daily maintenance tasks automatically when
it is in an ideal state. This includes tasks such as software updates, security
scanning, and system diagnostics.
Characteristics of Computer System.
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10. •CommonlyC
•Operated O
•MachineM
•ParticularP
•Use for U
•TradeT
•EducationE
•ResearchR
✓A computer system is a machine that operates
under the control of instructions stored in the
memory.
✓In basic terms, a computer system is a device that
can accept input, store, retrieve, process the data,
and produces output information.
Computer System
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11. Somelimitationsareasfollows:
✓Lack of Common-sense
✓No IQ
✓No Feelings
✓No Thinking Capability
✓No Decision-Making Ability
✓No Learning Power
✓User Dependent
✓No Implementation Power
✓Computers cannot express Ideas
Limitations of Computers
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12. The various field where the computer is very essential are:
•Role of Computer in Science:
•Role of Computer in Defense System:
•Role of Computer in Medical:
•Role of Computer in Education:
•Role of Computer in Agriculture:
•Role of Computer in Industry:
•Role of Computer in Government Sectors:
•Role of Computer in Entertainment:
Applications of Computers and IT
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13. Evolution of Computers
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14. Informationtechnology(IT)istheuseofanycomputers,storage,networking
andotherphysicaldevices,infrastructureandprocessestocreate,process,
store,secureandexchangeallformsofelectronicdata.
Information technology (IT)
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15. Past, present, and future of IT.
✓Informationtechnologyhasbeenaroundforalong,longtime.Basicallyaslong
aspeoplehavebeenaround!
✓Humanshavealwaysbeenquicktoadapttechnologiesforbetterandfaster
communication.
✓Thereare4mainagesthatdivideupthehistoryofinformationtechnologybut
onlythelatestage(electronic)andsomeoftheelectromechanicalagereally
affectsustoday.
1.Pre-Mechanical
2.Mechanical
3.Electro-Mechanical
4.Electronic
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16. Pre-Mechanical
•The earliest age of technology has been
dated back to the pre mechanical age
(between 3000 B.C. and 1450 A.D.).
•Human beings at that time primarily
communicated with each other using simple
picture drawings called petroglyphs.
•They created these drawings on rock. This
form of language was used to tell a story, to
keep record of how many animals one
owned and to mark their territory.
Petroglyph in Utah
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17. Mechanical
•The mechanical age is when we first
start to see connections between our
current technology and its ancestors.
The mechanical age can be defined as
the time between 1450 and 1840.
•Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a
very popular mechanical computer
capable of adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing two
numbers. Pascaline from 1652
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18. Electro-Mechanical
•Theelectromechanicalageheraldedthe
beginningsoftelecommunicationsaswe
knowittoday.Thisagecanbedefined
roughlyasthetimebetween1840and1940.
•Severalrevolutionarytechnologieswere
inventedinthisperiodsuchastheMorse
code,telephone,radio,etc.Allofthese
technologieswerecrucialsteppingstones
towardsmoderninformationtechnology
systems.
•Thefirstlarge-scaleautomaticdigital
computerintheUnitedStateswasthe
HarvardMark1createdbyIBMin1944
Engineers Work on A Harvard Mark 1 (1944)
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19. Electronic
•The electronic age (from 1940 to present day)
is the stage of information technology that we
currently live in.
•These machines used electronic switches, in
the form of vacuum tubes, instead of the
electromechanical relays seen in the previous
era.
•ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) was the first electronic general-
purpose computer. It could solve a large class
of numerical problems through reprogramming
ENIAC Being Programmed (1940’s)
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20. Basic Components of Computer
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21. Basic Components of Computer..
Input: This is the process of entering data & programs into the computer system.
Memory Unit: It is used to store data & instructions which was given through input.
Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU):
The major functions performed by the ALU are; Addition (+), Subtraction
(-), Multiplication (x), Division (/), logic & comparison.
Output: Theprocessofproducingresultsfromthedataforgettingrelevant&
usefulinformation.
ALU+CU>CPU: ArithmeticLogicUnit&ControlUnitofacomputersystemarejointly
knownastheCentralProcessingUnit.
CPU-thebrainofanycomputersystem.
Control Unit
(CU):
The process of input, output, processing & storage is performed under the
supervision of a unit called-"Control Unit".
It decides when to start the receiving data from outside, when to stop its
system &where to store data, etc.
It takes care of the step-by-step processing of all operations inside the
computer.
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22. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
✓The CPU is the brain of the computer. All types of data
processing operations and all the important functions of a
computer are performed by the CPU.
✓It helps input and output devices to communicate with each
other and perform their respective operations.
✓It also stores data which is input, intermediate results in
between processing, and instructions.
✓The CPU consists of 3 major units, which are:
1.Memory or Storage Unit
2.Control Unit (CU)
3.ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
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23. Motherboard
✓The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a
computer together.
✓It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound
card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables.
✓It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.
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24. Random Access Memory (RAM)
•RAM is the most commonly referred component
in a computer.
•The RAM is also known as the volatile memory
since it gets erased every time the computer
restarts.
•It stores the data regarding the programs which
are frequently accessed programs and processes.
•It helps programs to start up and close quickly.
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25. Power supply
•A power supply unit (PSU)converts mains
AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for
the internal components of a computer.
•Modern personal computers universally use
switched-mode power supplies.
•Some power supplies have a manual switch
for selecting input voltage, while others
automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
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26. Hard disk
•Hard disk, also called hard disk driveor
hard drive,magnetic storage medium for
a computer.
•Hard disks are flat circular plates made
of aluminum or glass and coated with a
magnetic material.
•Hard disks for personal computers can
store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of
information.
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27. Other peripherals used with PC
✓A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects
directly to a computer or other digital device but does not contribute to
the computer's primary function, such as computing.
✓It helps end users access and use the functionalities of a computer.
✓Since it’s not a core device for the system, the computer can still
function without the peripheral, which simply provides extra functions.
✓However, some peripherals such as a mouse, keyboard, or monitor tend
to be pretty much fundamental to the interaction between the user and
the computer itself.
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28. Peripherals
Peripheral devices include the following:
•Mouse.
•Keyboard.
•Printer.
•Monitor.
•Webcam.
•Scanner.
•Speakers.
•External Drive.
•USB Flash Drive.
•CD-ROM.
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29. Input and output devices
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30. Input Devices
•This unit contains devices
with the help of which we
enter data into the computer.
•This unit creates a link
between the user and the
computer.
•The input devices translate
the information into a form
understandable by the
computer
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31. Keyboard
•Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input
data to the computer.
•The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
•Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104
keys or 108 keysare also available
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32. Mouse
•Mouse is the most popular pointing device.
•It sends signals to the CPU when the mouse
buttons are pressed.
•Generally, it has two buttons called the left and
the right button and a wheel is present between
the buttons.
•A mouse can be used to control the position of
the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to
enter text into the computer.
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33. Light pen
✓Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen.
✓It is used to select a displayed menu item or
draw pictures on the monitor screen.
✓When the tip of a light pen is moved over the
monitor screen, its photocell sensing element
detects the screen location and sends the
corresponding signal to the CPU.
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34. Output device
•There are many outputs created by a
computer system.
•These include printed documents,
on-screen data and sound.
•Anoutput deviceallows data to be
transmitted by the computer in a
human-friendly form, for example,
sound being played through a
speaker.
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35. Monitor
•Monitors,commonlycalledasVisualDisplayUnit(VDU),arethemainoutputdeviceof
acomputer.
•Itformsimagesfromtinydots,calledpixelsthatarearrangedinarectangularform.
•Thesharpnessoftheimagedependsuponthenumberofpixels.
•Types of VDU: Liquid Crystal Displays,Cathode Ray Tube, Plasma screens
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36. Printer
Aprinteris anexternalhardwareoutput devicethat takes the electronic
data stored on a computer or other device and generates ahard copy.
Today, the most common printers are inkjet and laser printers.
•3D printer
•AIO (all-in-one) printer
•Dot matrix printer
•Inkjet printer
•Laser printer
•LED printer
•MFP (multifunction printer)
•Plotter
•Thermal printer
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37. Speaker
•Aspeakeris a term used to describe the
user who is giving vocal commands to
asoftwareprogram.
•Acomputer speakeris
anoutputhardware devicethat connects
to a computer to generate sound.
•The signal used to produce the sound that
comes from a computer speaker is
created by the computer'ssound card.
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38. Types of Computer Memory
Thecomputer’smemorystoresdata,instructionsrequiredduringthe
processingofdata,andoutputresults.Storagemayberequiredforalimited
periodoftime,instantly,or,foranextendedperiodoftime.
Withrespecttothewayofdataaccess,therearetwomaintypesofcomputer
memorywhichisprimarymemoryandsecondarymemory:
•Primarymemorylikecachememory,registers,andRAMarefast
memoriesandstorethedataandinstructionstemporarilyduringthe
processingofdataandinstructions.
•Secondarymemorylikemagneticdisksandopticaldiskshaslarge
storagecapacitiesandstorethedataandinstructionspermanently,butare
slowmemorydevices.
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39. Types of Computer
memory
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41. Types of Primary Memory
✓Primarymemoryisanessentialcomponentofacomputersystem.
✓Programanddataareloadedintotheprimarymemorybeforeprocessing.
✓TheCPUinteractsdirectlywiththeprimarymemorytoperformreadorwrite
operations.
✓Thecachememory,registers,andRAMarefastmemoriesandstorethedata
andinstructionstemporarilyduringtheprocessingofdataandinstructions.
✓TypesofPrimaryMemory:
1.RAM(RandomAccessMemory)
2.ROM(Read-onlyMemory)
3.CPURegisters
4.CacheMemory
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42. ➢RAM(RandomAccessMemory)isthecentral
storageunitinacomputersystem.Itistheplacein
acomputerwheretheoperatingsystem,
applicationprogramsandthedataincurrentuse
arekeptsothattheycanbequicklyreachedbythe
computer’sprocessor.
➢ROM(ReadOnlyMemory)isaspecialtypeof
memorythatcanonlybereadandcontentsof
whicharenotlostevenwhenthecomputeris
switchedoff.Ittypicallycontainsthemanufacturer’s
instructions.Amongotherthings,ROMalsostoresan
initialprogramcalledthe‘bootstraploader’whose
functionistostartthecomputersoftwareoperating,
oncethepoweristurnedon.
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43. ➢CPURegistersareveryhigh-speedstorageareaslocated
insidetheCPU.AfterCPUgetsthedataandinstructions
fromthecacheorRAM,thedataandinstructionsaremoved
totheregistersforprocessing.Registersaremanipulated
directlybythecontrolunitofCPUduringinstruction
execution.
➢Cachememoryisaveryhigh-speedmemoryplacedin
betweenRAMandCPU.Itincreasesthespeedofprocessing
anditisastoragebufferthatstoresthedatathatisusedmore
oftentemporarilyandmakesitavailabletotheCPUatafast
rate.Duringprocessing,theCPUfirstcheckscacheforthe
requireddata.
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44. Types of Secondary Memory
✓Thesecondary memoryis non-volatileand has a larger storage
capacity than primary memory.
✓It is slower and cheaper than the main memory. But, it cannot
be accessed directly by the CPU.
✓Contents of secondary storage need to be first brought into the
main memory for the CPU to access.
✓Types of secondary memoryare classified into two categories:
1.Magnetic Storage Devices
2.Semiconductor Storage (flash memory)
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45. Magnetic Storage Devices
✓These use plastic tape or metal or plastic disks coated with magnetic
materials. Data is recorded magnetically in these devices.
✓Read/write heads are used to access data from these devices.
✓A hard disk drive is the most popularmagnetic storage devicenow.
✓Examples of magnetic storage devices:
1.Hard disk drive (HDD)
2.Optical Storage Devices
3.Compact Disc (CD)
4.Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
5.Blu-ray DVD
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46. Hard disk drive (HDD)
•Thisconsistsofmetaldiskscoatedwithmagneticmaterial
concealedindust-freecontainers.Harddiskshaveaveryhigh
storagecapacity,highdatatransferrates,andlowaccesstime.They
aremoredurable,lesserror-prone,andarethemostcommon
secondarystoragedeviceusedincomputers.
Optical Storage Devices
•Thisisadatastoragemediumthatusesalow-powerlaserbeamto
readfromandwritedataintoit.Thelaserbeamreadsthepitsand
lands(all-opticalmediahavepitsandlandswhicharemicroscopic)
as0sand1s.
•Itisverycheaptomanufactureopticaldisksinlargequantitiesandit
isapopularsecondarystoragemedium.Themaintypesofoptical
disksareCD,DVD,andBlu-ray.
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47. Semiconductor Storage (flash memory)
✓FlashdrivesuseEEPROM(ElectricallyErasableProgrammableRead-
OnlyMemory)chipsfordatastorage.
✓Flashmemoryisfasterandmoredurableascomparedtoothertypesof
secondarymemory.
✓USBflashdrivesandflashmemorycardsareexamplesofflashmemory.
✓USBflashdrive:Thisisasmallexternalstoragedevice.
✓Itisportableandrewritable.ThestoragecapacityofaUSBdrivecurrently
variesfrom2GBto128GB.
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48. What is hardware?
✓Itismadeupofthephysicalpartsordevices
ofthecomputersystemliketheelectronic
IntegratedCircuits(ICs),magneticstorage
mediaandothermechanicaldeviceslike
inputdevices,outputdevicesetc.
✓Allthesevarioushardwarearelinked
togethertoformaneffectivefunctionalunit.
✓Thevarioustypesofhardwareusedinthe
computers,hasevolvedfromvacuumtubes
ofthefirstgenerationtoUltraLargeScale
IntegratedCircuits(ICs)ofthepresent
generation.
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49. Computer System
Acomputersystemisasetof
integrateddevicesthatinput,output,
process,andstoredataand
information.Computersystemsare
currentlybuiltaroundatleastone
digitalprocessingdevice.
Therearefivemainhardware
componentsinacomputersystem:
Input,Processing,Storage,Outputand
Communicationdevices.
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50. What is software?
•Thecomputerhardwareitselfisnotcapableofdoinganythingonitsown.Ithastobe
givenexplicitinstructionstoperformthespecifictask.
•Thecomputerprogramistheonewhichcontrolstheprocessingactivitiesofthe
computer.
•Softwareisacollectionofprogramswhichutilizeandenhancethecapabilityofthe
hardware.
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51. Types of Computer Software
Software is the set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
Two main types of software:
1.System Software
2.Application Software
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53. Systems Software
✓Systemsoftwareisasetofcomputerprograms,whichisdesignedtomanagesystem
resources.
✓Itisacollectionofsuchfilesandutilityprogramsthatareresponsibleforrunningandsmooth
functioningofyourcomputersystemwithotherhardware.
✓Moreover,itissolelyresponsibleforrunningtheoperatingsystem(OS)andmanagingthe
computerdeviceentirely,andwithoutit,thesystemcannotrun.
✓Createstheinterfacebetweenthehardwareandtheuser
✓Functionsperformedbytheoperatingsystems:
✓Managingthehardwareresourcesofthecomputer
✓Providingtheuser-interfacecomponents
✓Providingaplatformforsoftwaredeveloperstowriteapplications
✓MostpopularareMicrosoftWindows,AppleMacOS,andLinux
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54. Application Software
✓Application Software is a type of software that is mainly developed to perform a specific task
as per the user's request.It acts as an interface between the end-user and system software.
✓Application software provides an interactive UI (user interface) for users to interact with it
and work on it.
✓Categories:
✓Productivity software to help employee: complete their job duties such as Microsoft
Office
✓Utility software allows you to fix or modify your computer:
✓Example, antivirus software's etc.
✓Programming software makes more software:
✓Programmers can code, test, and convert into a format that the computer will
understand. CIS students typically use Visual Studio
✓Enterprise resource planning (ERP) refers to a type of software that organizations use
to manage day-to-day business activities such asaccounting, procurement, project
management, risk management and compliance, and supply chain operations.
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55. Programming Languages
✓A programming language is acomputer
languagethat is used byprogrammers
(developers) to communicate with
computers. It is a set of instructions written
in any specific language ( C, C++, Java,
Python) to perform a specific task.
✓A programming language is mainly used
todevelop desktop applications, websites,
and mobile applications.
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56. Representation of Data/Information
✓Computerdoesnotunderstandhumanlanguage.
✓letters,symbols,pictures,audio,videos,etc.,fedtocomputershouldbeconvertedto
machinelanguagefirst.
✓Computersrepresentdatainthefollowingthreeforms−
•Number System : Number system is categorized into four types −
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57. Bits and Bytes:
•Bits−Abitisasmallestpossibleunitofdatathatacomputercanrecognize
oruse.Computerusuallyusesbitsingroups.
•Bytes−groupofeightbitsiscalledabyte.Halfabyteiscalledanibble.
Text Code: Text code is format used commonly to represent alphabets, punctuation
marks and other symbols.
Four most popular text code systems are:
•EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code is an 8-bit
code that defines 256 symbols.
•ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange is an 8-bit
code that specifies character values from 0 to 127.
•ExtendedASCII: Extended American Standard Code for Information
Interchange is an 8-bit code that specifies character values from 128 to 255.
•Unicode: Unicode Worldwide Character Standard uses 4 to 32 bits to
represent letters, numbers and symbol.
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58. Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom
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59. GUIs (Graphical User Interface)
✓AGUI(graphicaluserinterface)isa
systemofinteractivevisual
componentsforcomputersoftware.
✓AGUIdisplaysobjectsthatconvey
information,andrepresentactionsthat
canbetakenbytheuser.
✓Theobjectschangecolor,size,or
visibilitywhentheuserinteractswith
them.
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60. Office Suites
✓Office suites are a collection of software and
applications that are intended to simplify the
workload in an office environment.
✓One common trait all office suits share is the
inclusion of a word processor, spreadsheet, and
slideshow software.
✓However, office suits have gotten much bigger
over the years and now contain far more software
in them.
Best Office Suits of 2022
1.Microsoft 365
2.Google Workspace
3.iWork
4.LibreOffice
5.WordPerfect Office
6.Polaris Office
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61. Microsoft Office Components
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