FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PRESENTATION.pptx

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1. FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PRESENTATION TOPIC-TYPES OF RESEARCH MADE BY-TAMNNA COURSE- MSC ZOOLOGY HONS

2. CONTENT

3. RESEARCH DEFINATION Research is  a careful and detailed study into a specific problem , concern , or issue using the scientific method and systematic and vigorous investigation of a situation or a problem in order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge

4. APPLIED RESEARCH Refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problem . Used to find solutions to everyday problems, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake. EXAMPLES Treat a cure a specific diseases Improve agricultural crop production Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices.

5. BASIC RESEARCH Basic research , also called  pure research   or  fundamental research , is a type of  scientific research  with the aim of improving scientific  theories  for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be  exploratory ,  descriptive , or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common. EXAMPLE, basic science investigations probe for answer to question such as : How did universe begin, How do slime molds reproduce.

6. BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH

7. CORRELATIONS RESEARCH Refers to the systematic investigatin or statical study of relationship among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect. The whole purpose of using correlations in research is to figure out which variable are connected. Investigate the possibility of relationships between only two variables, although investigations of more than two variables are common.

8. For example To test the hypothesis” listening to music lowers blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research Experimental - Group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare the bp levels. Survey - Ask people how they feel how often they listen and then compare.

9. ADVANTAGE : Collect much information from many subjects at one time. Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations. study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory. DISADVANTAGE: Correlations does not indicate causation (cause and effect). Problems with self-report method.

10. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Can be either quantitative or qualitative Descriptive research , also known as statistical research . Refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual , situation , or group . These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exits , determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information For example , Finding the most frequent diseases that affects the children of a town.

11. METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Survey : It is the method that includes a detailed description of the subjects or topic Observation : It is basically a technique that is utilized for observing and recording participant. Case study : You can use the case study technique for gathering of specific program phenomenon. It is the method which would enable you to study the situation.

12. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ADVANTAGE: The people individually studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation. Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying. It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiment DISADVANTAGE: Describe research requires more skills. Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon. Response rate is low in research .

13. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Refers to the investigation of a culture through an in depth study of the members of the culture. It involves systemic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior. It studies people , ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnos genesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires etc.

14. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH It is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena and examine probability and causality among selected variables. ADVANTAGES: Best establishes cause and effect relationships DISADVANTAGE: Artificiality Feasibility unethical

15. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH A type of research conduct for a problem that not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. Exploratory research is not typically generalizable to the population at large. The result of exploratory research are not usually useful for decision making by themselves, but they can provide significant insight into a given situation.

16. GROUND THEORY RESEARCH  is a systematic methodology that has been largely, but not exclusively, applied to  qualitative research  conducted by  social scientists . The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded theory involves the application of  inductive reasoning . The methodology contrasts with the  hypothetico-deductive model  used in traditional scientific research. A study based on grounded theory is likely to begin with a question, or even just with the collection of qualitative data. As researchers review the data collected, ideas or concepts become apparent to the researchers. 

17. HISTORICAL RESEARCH Involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past. The term  historical method   refers to the collection of techniques and guidelines that  historians  use to research and write  histories  of the past.  Secondary sources ,  primary sources  and material  evidence  such as that derived from  archaeology  may all be drawn on, and the historian's skill lies in identifying these sources, evaluating their relative authority, and combining their testimony appropriately in order to construct an accurate and reliable picture of past events and environments.

18. APPLICATION Historical research can show pattern that occurred in the past and over time which can help us to see where we come from and what kinds of solutions we have to used in the past. THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CONDUCT OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Identification of the research topic and formulation of the research problem or question. Data collection or literature review Evaluation of materials Data synthesis Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition

19. PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH An inductive, descriptive research approach developed from phenomenological philosophy Its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person. PHENOMENOLOGY is concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individual , ‘bracketing’ taken – for – granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving. Relatively new research approach used in education to observe students approach to learning

20. ON A BROADER PRESPECTIVE, ALL RESEARCHES CAN BE CLASSIFEID INTO TWO GROUPS: Quantitative research: Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic. Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions .

21. Qualitative research Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood. Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.

22. The differences between quantitative and qualitative research Quantitative research Qualitative Research Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a theory or hypothesis Analyzed through math and  statistical analysis Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and tables Mainly expressed in words Requires many respondents Requires few respondents Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity, replicability Key terms: understanding, context, complexity, subjectivity

23. REFERENCES WIKIPEDIA BOOK – RESEARCH METHADOLOGY (C.KOTHARI), RESEARCH METHODS(RAM AHUJA) Methodology of Educational Research(Lokesh Koul ) Research Methodology Caroline V Catembe , PhD Universitas Advent Indonesia