Fundamentals of Agricultural Science -Plant Reproduction.pptx

Fundamentals of Agricultural Science -Plant Reproduction

1. Plant Reproduction and Protection FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE by Dr. Dani Lukman Hakim, SP.

2. Angiosperms (flowering plants) can be divided into 2 major categories: Monocots – have one seed leaf (cotyledon) Dicots – have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) The Diversity of Angiosperms

3. Monocots Monocots have only 1 cotyledon (seed leaf) Examples of monocots: Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, palms

4. Dicots Dicots have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) Examples of dicots: Roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies

5. Herbaceous plants do not produce wood as they grow, and instead have smooth stems Examples: dandelions, sunflowers Woody Plants Woody plants are made of cells with thick cell walls that support the cell body Examples: trees, shrubs, vines. Woody vs Herbaceous Plants Angiosperms can also be subdivided into the groups of woody and herbaceous plants Herbaceous Plants

6. Most plants experience indeterminate growth They continue to grow as long as they live The life span of plants, however, is genetically determined Annuals – complete their life cycle in 1 year Examples: marigolds, cucumbers (lots of garden plants) Biennials - complete their life cycle in 2 years Year 1: germinate & grow roots Year 2: grow stems & leaves, produce flowers & seeds Examples: evening primrose, celery Perennials – live for more than 2 years Examples: Maple trees, grasses, palm trees Plant Life Spans

7. Plants are made up of a root system and a shoot system Plant Structure

8. What do roots do? Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb minerals and water Store food Types of root systems Fibrous root system Found mostly in monocots Taproot system Found mostly in dicots The Root System

9. There are 3 distinct zones in a plant root where different things are taking place Zone of cell division Includes the apical meristem: Produces new cells by mitosis Zone of elongation : Cells get longer Zone of maturation : The cells differentiate and become specialized The root is protected by a root cap, which protects the apical meristem as the plant grows down into the soil. How do roots grow?

10. The shoot system consists of: vegetative shoots (which bear leaves) floral shoots (which bear flowers) Stems have 3 important functions: Producing leaves, flowers, branches Holding leaves up to the sunlight Transporting substances between roots and leaves The Shoot System

11. Primary growth Increase in length Occurs by cell divisions in apical meristem (at top of shoot) Secondary growth Increase in width Occurs by cell divisions in the lateral meristems (also known as vascular cambium) How do stems grow?

12. Apical Meristems

13. Leaves are attached to stems at nodes The area between 2 nodes is called an internode The Shoot System: Leaves

14. Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of most vascular plants Most leaves have a flattened blade and a petiole, which is the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem The Shoot System: Leaves

15. All 3 plant organs (root/stem/leaf) have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems Dermal Tissue System Outer protective covering, similar to our skin J Protects the plant from water loss and disease The cuticle is a waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss Tissue Systems in Plants

16. Vascular Tissue System Carries out long-distance transport of materials within the plant Xylem and phloem are examples of vascular tissues Ground Tissue System Pith (inside vascular tissue) and cortex (outside vascular tissue) are examples of ground tissue Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support Tissue Systems in Plants

17. Flowers are the reproductive structure of angiosperms Sepals: Enclose the bud before it opens Protect flower while it’s developing Petals: Usually brightly colored to attract pollinators Flower Structure

18. Flowers are the reproductive structure of angiosperms Sepals: Enclose the bud before it opens Protect flower while it’s developing Petals: Usually brightly colored to attract pollinators Flower Structure

19. Carpels/Pistils: The female portion of a flower Stigma: Sticky – to trap pollen Style: Hollow tube which connects stigma and ovary Ovary: Produces female gametes (ovules) Flower Structure

20. “two houses” Male and female parts are found on separate plants Papaja (Carica papaja), Spinach (Amaranthus sp.) Monoecious “one house” Has both male and female flowers on a single plant Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Maize ( Zea mays), Melon (Cucumis melo ), Oilpalm ( Elaeis guinensis ) Monoecious and Dioecious Species of Plants Dioecious

21. Thank You