Fundamentals of Research Article and Scientific Methods.pptx

This presentation clarifies the fundamental framework of a research article while presenting a comprehensive explication of the scientific method in a manner accessible to a wide audience.

1. DR. NEHA DUBEY (P.T) PhD, MPT(Neuro), MIAP, Ex-B.L.S FACULTY AT DEPTT. OF PHYSIOTHERAPY U.P.U.M.S, SAIFAI FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH ARTICLE  "If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday."

2. What is Research? The word research comes from the French word ' recherche ,' meaning 'to search' or RE+SEARCH : Where RE means: again and again and SEARCH means: to find out something. This is a process for discovering or seeking new knowledge or a systemic and organized way to find answers to questions.

3. Definition by various Researchers According to B.W. Tuckman (1978); An older description of research may be explained with the five characterizations spelling out the word: ‘MOVIE ’ , Where; M stands for mathematical precision and accuracy, O stand for Objectivity, V verifiability, I mean impartiality, and E stands for Expertness .

4. BASIC CYCLE EXPLAINING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

5. Step-By-Step Approach to a Scientific Method Selection: The first step is to select an interested topic in which the researcher wishes to conduct his/her research. Question: Once the topic is decided, then there is a need to create a related scientific question. It usually starts by asking a question about something the researcher observes. It must contain the following phrases “How, What, When, Who, Why, or Where”.

6. Step-By-Step Approach to a Scientific Method It is mandatory to keep a lab notebook as it contains a detailed and permanent account of every step of the project, from the initial brainstorming to the final data analysis and research report. There are many kinds of lab notebooks available, ranging from composition notebooks to student laboratory notebooks etc. Bound Composition Notebook Student Laboratory Notebook

7. Step-By-Step Approach to a Scientific Method Try to find its relevant answer searching through various reviews, literature, databases, or from other internet sources. (PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane, MeDline, PedRo, etc.) Next construct a hypothesis or make predictions on the basis of limited evidence for further investigating the question. Test your hypothesis by doing experiments to make sure whether the prediction you made is accurate or not. Try to repeat the test several times to make sure that the first result was not just an accident. (Pilot Study)

8. How to test hypothesis? SET UP THE HYPOTHESIS ( Every hypothesis test requires the analyst to state a null hypothesis and an experimental hypothesis .) SELECT A SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL ( Researchers more often choose significance levels equal to 0.01, 0.05 Test Statistics ( It might be a mean score, proportion, difference between means and proportion, z-score, t-test, chi-square, etc) Critical Values (By using the distribution of test Statistics, level of significance ᾳ, type of test like two tailed, right tailed or left tailed, we obtain the critical values). Decision (The critical values and test statistics values are compared in order to make decision about rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis.

9. Step-By-Step Approach to a Scientific Method Once the experiment is complete, collect the measurements and analyze them to see if they support the hypothesis or not. The analysis done can help the researchers to draw a conclusion that summarize how the results support or contradict with the original hypothesis. State whether the results support or contradict the hypothesis. Next is to share the result by publishing the final report in a scientific journal or by delivering a talk in a scientific meeting in the form of a paper or poster presentation.

10. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE BEGINNING MAIN TEXT (IMRAD) SUMMARY WITH OTHER DETAILS 1 Title 4 Introduction (What did you/others do? Why did you do it?) 8 Conclusion 2 Abstract 5 Methods (How did you do it?) 9 Acknowledgements 3 Keywords 6 Result (What did you find?) 10 References And 7 Discussion (What does it all mean?) 11 Supplementary data

11. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE 1 Title page Part 1 (Mandatory) Article title. Author names. Author affiliations. Corresponding author information Part-2(Depending on the Journal) Headers – Running title, First Author name. Footnotes – Funding, Conflict of Interest, etc. Keywords. List of Abbreviations. Miscellaneous: word count, article type, etc 2 Abstract There are two types of abstract (Structured/ Unstructured) 3 Keywords Keywords are used for the paper indexing and must be written after the abstract. They're the manuscript label.   However, when searching for keywords, avoid words with broad meaning and words already in the title

12. Unstructured Structured Abstract Abstract

13. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE 4 Introduction 1) Defines the statement 2) Summarizes recent research related to the topic. 3) Highlights the gaps in current knowledge or conflicts. 4) Sets the originality of research by demonstrating the need for research in the field. 5) Gives a clear idea of the objective reading, why the research was done. 5 Material and Methods 1) Describe the number and source of Study. 2) Describe the study criteria (Inclusion and Exclusion criteria). 3) Describe the sample selection, study design, Variables, experiments, with date and other information. 4) Describe the complete procedure of the study used along with the outcome measurements, treatment, and analytical methods, etc. 5) Describe the statistical methods including confidence interval, etc.

14. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE 6 Result 1) Describe the data in simple terms. 2) Clearly state the statistical tests used with all relevant parameters: e.g., mean and standard deviation (SD), etc. 3) Once described, evaluate the pattern observed and explain the significance of the results for greater understanding. This can only be done by referring to the published research. 4) The result should be a critical analysis of the data collected. 5) Prepare the figures and tables 7 Discussion Discussion should always collect all the information in one whole at some point. The researcher should describe and discuss the overall study/story. If there are gaps or inconsistencies in the study/story, researcher should address these and suggest ways to confirm the findings or pursue the research.

15. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE 8 Conclusion 1) This section shows how the work progresses from the current state of knowledge.   2) Without a clear conclusion section, reviewers and readers will find it difficult to judge the work and whether it is worth publishing in the journal. 3) Repeating the abstract, and or listing experimental results is a common error in this section. Insignificant statements of results are unacceptable. 4) Describe the clear scientific justification of the work done. 5) Suggest future experiments and highlight those scheduled to begin. 9 Acknowledgements This section allows thanking people who contributed to the manuscript, but not to the extent that justifies authorship. For example, the researcher can include the technical help with writing and proofreading. Probably the most important thing is to thank a grant or fellowship from your funding agency.

16. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE 10 References Some of the main styles are: a) APA (“Kumari, R.; Singh, K.P.; Dubey, G.; Srivastava, M.R.; Awasthi, A.A.; Janardhanan . R. (2020). Astigmatism as a Cause of Headache - A Clinical Study. International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research, 3(4), 364-371. Doi………………………..” ) b) MLA (“Kumari, Ragini, Singh, Kavindra Pratap, Dubey Gaurav, Srivastava, Mrinal Ranjan, Awasthi, Anachal Anant, Janardhanan . Rajiv. Astigmatism as a Cause of Headache - A Clinical Study. International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research, vol. 3, no. 4, 2020, pp. 364-37”. ) c) Vancouver (“Kumari R, Singh P, Dubey G, Srivastava M, Awasthi A, Janardhanan R. Astigmatism as a Cause of Headache - A Clinical Study. IJMSCR. 2020 Jul-Aug; 3(4): pp. 364-371”.) 5 ) Check the following Spelling and format of writing the author names. Year of publications Usages of "et al." Punctuation Whether all references are included and cited in according to the journal. 6) Many software are available in the market such as End Note or Mendeley, to format and include the references in the paper. 11 Plagiarism Check for plagiarism through software’s like Turnitin, Urkund , or many free software’s are also available online like SmallSeotools, Dupli Checker, etc.

17. "Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought”. By: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. THANK YOU