Fungal Cell and Its Characteristic presentation 1.pptx

fugal cell simple presemtatiom

1. Fungal Cell and Its Characteristic Presented by :Group C Date: 23/09/2025

2. Fungal cell Definition : A fungal cell is an eukaryotic cell, it contain true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles ,but different from plant and animal cell by its rigid cell wall primarily composed of chitin Name : Tehmas Abbasi Roll no: BES 024 Nucleus (with DNA and nucleolus) Mitochondria (energy production) Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes (protein synthesis) Golgi apparatus (secretion and transport) Vacuole (Storage and digestion) Cell wall (made of chitin ,not cellulose) Plasma membrane (selective barrier) Key Components of a Fungal Cell

3. Fungal Cell Function Cell Wall: Provides shape and protection . Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell. Hyphae/Mycelium : Absorb nutrients and allow the fungus to grow. Nucleus : Directs all cell activities using

4. Fungal Cell Wall The fungal cell wall is a rigid, protective outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of fungal cells. It provides structural support , maintains cell shape , and protects the cell from environmental stress , including osmotic pressure and pathogens. Definition: Name : Zohaib Zaman Roll no: BES 026

5. Primary Functions Structural Support : Maintains cell shape and prevents rupture from internal pressure. Protection: Shields the cell from environmental stresses and toxins. Target for Drugs : Its unique composition makes it an ideal target for antifungal medications. Key Components D Chitin : A strong, fibrous polysaccharide providing the main structural framework. Glucans : Polymers of glucose that form a complex network, cross-linking with other components. Mannoproteins : Glycoproteins on the outer surface, involved in cell-to-cell interaction.

6. Fungi: Hyphae and Mycelium Hyphae and mycelium are two key parts of a fungus Hyphae: The Threads Hyphae are the long, thread-like filaments that make up the body of a fungus. They are the main structures used to find and absorb food. Chitin : A strong carbohydrate that forms the rigid cell wall. Cytoplasm : The jelly-like substance inside the cell. Nuclei : The cell's control centers. Name : Anas Waheed Roll no: BES 028 Structure

7. Mycelium: The Network Definition: The mycelium is the main body of a fungus, made up of a tangled network of tiny, thread-like filaments called hyphae . What it's made of : It's a mass of hyphae, so its composition is the same: a strong cell wall made of chitin , with cytoplasm and nuclei inside.

8. Mitochondria The Powerhouses of the Cell DEFINITION : the "powerhouses" of a cell. Their job is to turn food into energy that the cell can use to do its work. STRUCTURE: Two layers: An outer layer and a folded inner layer Unique DNA: Unlike some other living things, the DNA inside their mitochondria can be shaped like a line or a circle . Name : Hamza riaz khan Roll no: BES 029

9. Function of Mitochondria They are the cell's power plants, making energy for the fungus. They help the fungus grow, deal with stress, and build its cell wall. Other Key Roles Growth and Development: They provide the energy needed for rapid growth and branching of the hyphae. Stress Response: Mitochondria help the fungus adapt to harsh environments and changes in nutrient availability. Drug Resistance: In some fungi, they play a critical role in resisting antifungal medications, making them an important target for new drugs

10. Importance of fungi Ecological Importance : Decomposers : Break down dead plants and animals. Symbiosis: Help plants grow ( mycorrhizae ), form lichen Medical Importance Antibiotics: Source of penicillin and other drugs Medicines: Used in making statins and immunosuppressant . Diseases: Cause infections like ringworm and athlete’s foot Name : Arfa khan Roll no: 033

11. Importance of fungi Industrial Importance Food: Used in bread, beer, wine, cheese. Biotech: Produce enzymes, clean up pollution Agricultural Importance Soil Health : Improve nutrient absorption in plants . Pest Control : Act as natural pesticides . Crop Diseases: Some fungi harm crops . Nutritional Importance Edible Mushrooms: Nutritious and rich in protein Fermented Foods: Used in making soy sauce Name : Arfa khan Roll no: BES 033

12. Fungal Plasma Membrane - The Protective Barrier Definition : The fungal plasma membrane is the thin, flexible boundary that encloses the cytoplasm of a fungal cell. It acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell to maintain its internal environment . Name : Muhammad Shahab Roll no: BES 034

13. Characteristics Phospholipid Bilayer : A two-layered fatty film . Ergosterol : Contains a special sterol called ergosterol , which replaces cholesterol found in human cells . Selective : It chooses which molecules can pass through, keeping the cell healthy. Drug Target : Because of ergosterol , it's a perfect target for antifungal drugs, which can attack fungal cells without harming human cells.

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition : it is a single Membrane bounded organelle and consist of Network of Flattened, fluid filled Sac like structures and are extended trough the cytoplasm of cell called EPR. Name : Saleem Khan Roll no: BES 032

15. Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum : Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ( RER protein synthesis ⁠intercellular transport ⁠support Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Smooth" because it lacks ribosomes. Detoxification lipid synthesis ( steroids) store calcium ( help in contraction)

16. Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that acts like a cellular post office. It receives, modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles to be sent to their correct destinations inside or outside the cell. Structure of Golgi Apparatus Found in eukaryotic cells . Made up of flat, stacked sacs called cisternae . Cis face: Receives materials from ER . also known as forming face convex and outer side Trans face : Sends materials to other parts of the cell . And trans face are also known as maturing face and concave Surrounded by small vesicles for transport. Job: Modifies, sorts, and packs proteins and lipids . In mammals pancreas secrete granules or vesicles containing enzyme that help in digestion Name : Misbah Bibi Roll no: BES 035

17. Functions of Golgi Apparatus Modifies proteins and lipids from the ER. Sorts and packages materials into vesicles. Transports materials to different cell parts or outside the cell. Produces lysosomes (digestive vesicles). Helps in secretion of hormones, enzymes, etc. In plant cells, makes cell wall materials like pectin.

18. MAJOR TYPE OF FUNAL CELL Yeast Cell Unicellular fungus with a nucleus. Cell wall made of chitin. Reproduces by budding. Used in bread, beer, wine making. Example: Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Hyphal Cell Thread-like fungal cell. Forms mycelium (fungal body). May have septa or be continuous. Absorbs nutrients for growth. Example : Rhizopus , Aspergillus. Name : Wasna Hayat Roll no:BES 031

19. Mycelial Cell Network of hyphae forming fungal body. Helps in nutrient absorption and growth. Found in multicellular fungi . Example: Penicillium , Mushrooms . Spore-Producing Cell Special fungal cell that forms spores for reproduction. Spores help in dispersal and survival under harsh conditions. Found in both sexual and asexual reproduction . Dikaryotic Cell Has two nuclei per cell. Formed during sexual reproduction in fungi. Example: Agaricus (mushroom) Rhizoidal Cell Root-like fungal cell for anchorage & absorption. Example: Rhizopus .

20. Fungal Reproduction Definition : Fungal reproduction refers to the biological processes by which fungi create new individuals, ensuring the continuation and dispersal of their species. This is a crucial aspect of their life cycle, allowing them to adapt to different environmental conditions. Fungi are notable for their ability to reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual: Creates clones. Budding: A new organism grows off the parent (like in yeast). Fragmentation: A piece of the fungus breaks off and starts a new one. Spores: The most common method. Spores are released and grow into new fungi Name : Abdul Qayum Roll no: BES 030

21. Sexual: The 3 Steps: Plasmogamy : Two fungal cells join, sharing cytoplasm but keeping nuclei separate (n + n). Karyogamy : The two nuclei fuse together, forming one diploid (2n) nucleus. Meiosis: This diploid nucleus divides to create genetically diverse sexual spores (n). Outcome: New, unique fungi ready to face changing environments . Purpose: Creates genetic variety for better adaptation.