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1. HIV Human immunodeficiency viruses

2. 01 TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMPTOMS 03 EPIDEMIOLOGY 06 LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS 02 ETIOLOGY 05 TREATMENT INTRODUCTION 04 Diagnostic Tests 05 06 07

3. INTRODUCTION HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4+ T cells, which are crucial for the immune response. Over time, HIV weakens the immune system, making individuals more vulnerable to infections and certain cancers. Without treatment, HIV can lead to the advanced stage of infection known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

4. Etiology Causative Agent: HIV is caused by two primary types: HIV-1: The most common and widespread form. HIV-2: Primarily found in West Africa, less virulent than HIV-1. HIV is a retrovirus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of host cells, using the host machinery to replicate. Transmission occurs through: Unprotected sexual contact. Contaminated blood transfusions or needle sharing. From mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding

5. Epidemiology: HIV is a global health issue, with an estimated 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide (WHO 2022 data). Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most severely affected region, accounting for nearly 70% of the global burden. High-risk populations include: Men who have sex with men (MSM). Intravenous drug users. Sex workers. People with multiple sexual partners.

6. Symptoms Symptoms: HIV infection progresses through three main stages, each with varying symptoms: Acute HIV Infection (2-4 weeks after exposure): Flu-like symptoms (fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, rash, sore throat, muscle aches). High viral load with rapid CD4 cell decline. Clinical Latency Stage (Chronic HIV): Often asymptomatic or mild symptoms. Can last for several years. HIV continues to replicate at low levels, with slow CD4 decline. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) : Severe immune system damage (CD4 count <200 cells/mm³). Opportunistic infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis). Weight loss, persistent fever, night sweats, chronic diarrhea , fatigue.

7. Diagnostic Tests Serological Tests: ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Screens for HIV antibodies. Western Blot: Confirms HIV infection after a positive ELISA test. Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs): Use blood or oral fluid to detect HIV antibodies, providing quick results. HIV RNA Test (Viral Load Test): Measures the amount of virus in the blood. Used to diagnose acute HIV infection or monitor treatment effectiveness. CD4 Count: Measures the health of the the immune system. Important for determining the stage of infection and initiating treatment.

8. Treatment (Drugs): Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): The standard of care for HIV management, ART involves a combination of drugs that suppress viral replication and prevent the progression to AIDS. Classes of ART Drugs: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs): Block reverse transcription of viral RNA into DNA (e.g., Zidovudine, Lamivudine). Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): Bind to reverse transcriptase, inhibiting its action (e.g., Efavirenz, Nevirapine). Protease Inhibitors (PIs): Prevent virus assembly by inhibiting the protease enzyme (e.g., Ritonavir, Lopinavir). Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs): Prevent integration of viral DNA into the host genome (e.g., Raltegravir , Dolutegravir). Entry Inhibitors: Block the virus from entering host cells (e.g., Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc). Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): ART used to prevent HIV infection after potential exposure. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ( PrEP ): ART used to prevent infection in high-risk individuals.

9. Lifestyle Modifications: Adherence to ART: Ensure strict adherence to prescribed medications to prevent viral resistance. Safe Sex Practices: Use condoms consistently. Limit the number of sexual partners and get regularly tested for STIs. Avoid Sharing Needles: Always use clean needles and avoid sharing injection equipment. Healthy Diet and Regular Exercise: A balanced diet and physical activity can help maintain overall health and strengthen the immune system. Mental Health Support: Managing HIV can be stressful, so seeking mental health care or support groups is essential. Alcohol and Substance Use: Reduce or avoid alcohol and drugs, which can interfere with HIV treatment and decision-making. Prevent Opportunistic Infections: Get vaccinated (e.g., hepatitis, flu, pneumococcus). Practice good hygiene to avoid infections. Routine Medical Care: Regular monitoring of viral load and CD4 count. Address any other health issues, such as tuberculosis or hepatitis co-infections.

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