Fungi presentation

fungi presentation will facilitates you to comprehend about classification of fungi,its life cycle,and its uses

1. FUNGI PRESENTED TO : Mam Maria PRESENTED BY : Aswa Nasir CMS NO: 404235

2. OUTLINE Introduction Characteristics Difference between fungi and bacteria size of fungi Hyphae Types of hyphae Classification of fungi Lifecycle of fungi Beneficial effects of fungi Harmful effects of fungi

3. INTRODUCTION A member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms. Familiar as mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi ,which is separate from plants, animals,protists and bacteria. True biodiversity of kingdom fungi,which has been estimated at 1.5 million to 5 million species,with about 5%of these having been formally classified

4. Fungi have been classified according to their morphology or physiology. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell wall that contain chitin ,unlike the cell wall of plants and some protists,which contain cellulose,and unlike the cell walls of bacteria. Genetic studies revealed that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. The study of fungi is known as mycology .

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI Fungi are not plants. May be unicellular or multicellular. Most are macroscopic molds or yeasts. Reproduce either by budding or by forming spores. Nonphotosynthatic(heterotrophic) Nonmotile.

6. Most are s aprobes (live on dead organisms) Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host. Store food energy as glycogen. Important decomposers and recyclers of nutrients in the environment. Lack true roots, stems or leaves.

7. Some fungi are internal or external hyphae. Some fungi act like predators. Some are edible, while others are poisonous. Produce both sexual and asexual spores. Grow best in warm,moist environment. A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi. Fungi includes puffballs ,yeast, mushrooms, toadstools,rusts,smuts,ringworm,and molds. The antibiotic penicillin is made by the penicillium mold.

8. Puffballs Mushrooms Rust Smut Toadstool Ringworm

9. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUNGI AND BACTERIA Characteristics FUNGI BACTERIA CELL TYPE EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC OPTIMUM PH 4-6 6.5-7.5 OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE 25-30(SPAROPHYTES) 32-37◦C(PARASITES) 32-37 ◦C CELL MEMBRANE STEROLS PRESENT STEROLS ABSENT EXCEPT MYCOPLASM LIGHT REQUIREMENT NONE SOME PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON SOURCE ORGANIC ORGANIC/INORGANIC CELL WALL COMPONENTS CHITIN,CELLULOSE,OR HEMICELLULOSE PEPTIDOGLYCAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTICS SENSITIVE TO GRISEOFULVIN,RESISTANT TO PENICILLIN SENSITIVE TO PENICILLIN,RESISTANT TO GRISEOFULVIN

10. Size of fungi The sizes of fungi vary greatly depending on the type of fungus. In general most microscopic fungi are 2-10 micrometer in diameter. The average size of fungi are 5-50 micrometers in length. Most giant puffballs grow to be 10-50cm sometime to be 90 cm in diameter. Giant puffball

11. Hyphae “Hyphae is a long, branching filamentous structure of fungus.In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode mode of vegetative growth and are collectively called mycelium.” Tubular shape One continuous cell filled with cytoplasm and nuclei. Multinucleate. Hyphae grows from their tip .

12. Stolon : “Horizontal stem like hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other are called stolon.” Rhizoids : “Root like hyphae that anchor the fungus are called rhizoids.”

13. T ypes of hyphae Septate hyphae: “Have walls that separate individual cells.” Nonseptate hyphae: “Are one long continuous cell without walls.”

14. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Depending on cell morphology, fungi can be divided into four classes : Molds Yeasts Yeast like fungi Dimorphic fungi Depending on sexual spore formation fungi are divided into four classes: Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fungi imperfecti

15. MOLDS “ Mold is a type of fungus that consists of small organisms fount almost everywhere. They can be green,white,blank,orange or purple.” Diameter is 2-10 micrometers. The cell wall contain chitin. Plays important role in nature, breaking down dead leaves, plants and trees. Examples: Aspergillus niger penicillium digitatum

16. YEASTS “Yeast are single-celled microorganisms that are classified along with molds and mushrooms, as a member of the kingdom fungi.” R ound, oval or elongated, unicellular fungi. Reproduce by an asexual process called budding. Examples: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Cryptococcus Neoformans

17. YEAST LIKE FUNGI Yeast like fungi partly grow as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter forms a pseudomycellium. Example: Candida A lbicans

18. DIMORPHIC FUNGI “Dimorphic fungi are the fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast.” Mold like forms produce vegetative and yeast like forms reproduce by budding. Dimorphism is temperature and CO2 dependent. At 37◦C The fungus grows yeast like and at 25◦C it shows mold like growth. Example:Histoplasma Capsulatum

19. PHYCOMYCETES “Fungi having nonseptate hyphae, forms endogenous asexual spores contained within a sac like structure called sporangia.” Also produce sexual spores known as oospores and zygospores. It is also referred as zygomycetes. Examples:rhizopus,mucor,albugo,pythium M ucor Rhizopus

20. ASCOMYCETES It is the largest phylum of fungi with over 64000 species. Forms sexual spores within a sac and are called ascospores.The sac is called as ascus. It is also known as sac fungi. They form septate hyphae. Includes both yeasts and filamentous fungi. Examples:yeast,aspergillus,penicillium, neurospora Neurospora

21. BASIDIOMYCETES Basidiomycota are typically filamentous fungi composed of hyphae. Reproduce sexually and forms septate hyphae. They are also known as club fungi. Examples:Agaricus,Polyporus,Puccinia, Ustilago, PUCCINIA POLYPORUS USTILAGO

22. FUNGI IMPERFECTI The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi also known as D euteromycetes or Hyphomycetes. Consist of group of fungi whose sexual phases have not been identified and they form septate hyphae. Imperfect fungi live in warm, damp places as long as there is a food source. Example:Cercospora,Fusarium,Trichoderma CEPHALOSPORA FUSARIUM TRICHODERMA

23. LIFECYCLE OF FUNGI

24. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF FUNGI Decomposition-nutrients and carbon recycling. Can be used to produce drugs,antibiotics,alcohals,acids,food(fermented products, mushrooms) Act as model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Vitamin production. Hormone production. Edible fungi. Production of insecticides

25. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF FUNGI Destruction of food,lumber,paper,and cloth. Plant diseases. Animal diseases. Human diseases,including allergies. Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food(grain, cheese)