Fungicides.ppt is a ppt made about fungicide

It's about fungicide

1. Fungicides in Plant
Disease Control

2. Definitions / Terminologies
Fungicide / Fungitoxicant : It is an agent which has the ability to kill
the fungi
Fungistat : Some chemicals do not kill the fungal pathogens, but has
the ability to arrest the growth of the fungus temporarily. Eg. Sodium
benzoate, Potassium sorbate
Fungistasis :The phenomenon of temporarily inhibition of the growth
of the fungus
Antisporulent : Some chemicals may inhibit the sporulation without
affecting the vegetative growth of the fungus. Eg. Tetrachlorophenol

3. Characteristics of an ideal fungicide
Low phytotoxicity
Broad spectrum of activity
Compatible with other agrochemicals
It should not be toxic to humans, animals, earth worms &
beneficial microbes
Stability in storage
Stability after dilution to spray strength
Availability in different formulations
Easily available in market with cheap price
Ease transport

4. 1. Mode of action
Protectant: Fungicide which protect a plant from a pathogen if it is
applied prior to infection. They are prophylactic in nature.
Zineb & Sulphur
Therapeutant: Fungicide which eradicates a fungus after it has
caused infection by curing the plant. Mostly they are systemic in
nature.
Carboxin & Oxycorboxin
Eradicant: A chemical that destroys a pathogen after its
establishments in the host. It also act as protectant.
Organic mercurials, Lime Sulphur & Dodine
Classification of fungicides

5. 2. General use
Nature of their use Examples
Seed protectants Captan, Thiram, Carbendazim & Organo
mercurials
Soil fungicides (pre plant)Methyl bromide, Formaldehyde,
Chloropicrin, Vapam, Bordeaux Mixture
& COC
Soil fungicides
(when plants are in field)
Bordeaux mixture, COC, PCNB & Captan
& Thiram
Foliage & Blossom
protectants
Bordeaux Mixture, Captan, Mencozeb,
Zineb & Chlorothalonil
Fruit protectants Benomyl, Mencozeb, Captan &
Carbendazim
Tree wound Dressers Bordeaux & Chaubattia pastes
Antibiotics Streptomycin, Streptocycline &
Griseofulvin

6. 3. Chemical
composition
1. Copper fungicides
Common name Preparation / trade nameDisease controlled
COPPER SULPHATE
Bordeaux mixture1Kg CuSo
4
+1 Kg lime in 100
lit of water
Phytophthora
infestans, Venturia
inaequalis, Grapes D.M
Bordeaux paste1Kg CuSo
4
+1 Kg lime in 10
lit of water
Tree wound Dresser
Burgundy mixture1.8Kg CuSo
4 + 1.8 Kg
sodium carbonate in 225 lit
of water (Burcop, Taytax)
Substitute for Bordeaux
mixture when it’s
sensitive to crops
Cheshunt
compound
2 parts of CuSo
4
+ 11 parts
of ammonium carbonate
(30g of mixture in 9 lit of
water)
Pythium & Rhizoctonia

7. Mode of action of copper fungicides : Copper kills the
spores of fungi by combining with the sulphydral group
of certain amino acids & disrupt protein & enzymes
COPPER CARBONATE
Chaubattia paste800g CuCo
3
+ 800g
red lead + 1 lit linseed
oil
Pink disease, collar
rot, stem canker
wound Dresser
CUPROUS OXIDE Copper Sandoz,
Fungimar, Perenox,
Perecot, Kirticopper
D.M, blight, rust
COPPER
OXYCHLORIDE
Fytolan, Blue copper,
Blitox, Cobox, Mycop
Phytophthora
infestans, seedling
diseases

8. 2. Sulphur fungicides
Common name Preparation / trade
name
Disease
controlled
In- organic Sulphur
Elementalsulphur
Sulphur dust Sulphur dust
POWDERY
MILDEW /
RUST
Wettable sulphurCosan, wetsulf, sulfux
Lime sulphur 9 kg rock lime + 6.75kg
Sulphur + 225 lit water
Phytotoxicity : Cucurbits & apple during warm season
Cont’d….

9. Common name Trade name Disease controlled
Organic Sulphur
Monoalkyl dithiocarbomates
Zineb Hexathane 75%wpEarly & late blight of potato &
tomatoes, D.M & rust- cereals
Maneb Indofil M – 22Broad spectrum
Mancozeb Indofil M – 45Broad spectrum / foliar pathogens
Nabam Indofil A – 40Leaf spot diseases
Vapam VPM, Vapam Soil borne pathogens
Dialkyl dithiocarbomates
Ziram Ziram, Cuman, MilbamAnthracnose
Ferbam Coromat, Febam, FerberkAnthracnose
Thiram Thiram, TMTD Seed treatment

10. Mode of action of Sulphur fungicides
1. Oxidised Sulphur Theory :
S oxidised to form SO
2
responsible for fungicidal activity
2. Hydrogen Sulphide Theory :
H
2
S responsible for fungicidal activity
3. Direct Action Theory :
H
+
acceptor to disturb the hydrogenation in cells of fungi

11. 3. Mercury fungicides
Mode of action : Hg either as vapour or ion on sulphydral group of enzymes
Common name Trade name Disease
In- organic
Mercuric chloride Merfusan, Mersil Seed treatment
Mercurous chloride Cyclosan, M-C Turf fungicide Club root
Organo-mercurials
Methoxy ethyl mercury
chloride
Agallol, Areton, Ceresan wet,
Emisan

Seed treatment
Phenyl mercury chlorideCeresol, ceresan dry (IND)
Ethyl mercury chlorideCeresan (USA)
Tolyl mercury acetateAgrosan GN

12. Heterocyclic Nitrogenous Compounds
Common NameTrade NameDiseases controlled
Captan
(Kittlesons’ Killer)
Captan
50WP/75W
Hexacap
Seed Treatment
Captafol Foltaf, DifolatonFoliar diseases
Helminthosporium, sheath
rot, grain discolouration
Folpet Folpet, Phaltan,
Folpan
Rose black spot / apple
scab / Pythium /
Phytophthora
Inhibits a number of enzymes and interferes in decarboxylation and
citrate systhesis

13. Benzene Compounds
Common Name Trade Name Diseases
controlled
Quintozene Brassicol, PCNBSeed and Soil
treatment
Dichloran Botran, AllisanBotrytis,
Rhizopus,
Sclerotinia
Dinocap Karathane,
Arathane,
Crotothane,
Powdery mildews
/ Acaricide
Disturb the semipermiability of cell membrane & causes lysis of
cells; Inhibitor of inositol, an essential growth factor of fungi

14. Quinone Fungicides
Common Name Trade Name Diseases
controlled
Chloranil Spergon Seed treatment for
smut/bunt
Dichlone Phygon Seed protectant /
Apple scab, peach
leaf curl
1.Binding to SH & NH
2
groups of the fungus
2.Disturb the electron transport system

15. Organo Tin Compounds
Common Name Trade
Name
Diseases controlled
Triphenyl tin acetate /
Fentin acetate
Brestan Algae of paddy /
Alternaria, Pyricularia,
Ramularia,
Colletotrichum
Triphenyl tin hydroxide /
Fentin hydroxide
Du-ter Cercospora,
Helminthosporium,
Pyricularia, Septoria,
Rhizoctonia
Triphenyl tin chloride /
Fentin chloride
BrestanolBlast /Cercospora
leafspot of sugarbeet,
R. solani

16. Miscellaneous Fungicides
Common Name Trade Name Diseases
controlled
Chlorothalonil Daconil, KawachLeafspots/ early &
late LS, DM, Rusts,
Anthracnose
Dodine Cyprex Apple scab,
Ascomycotina,
Deuteromycotina
fungi
Edifenphos
(Organo phosphate)
Hinosan BLAST

17. SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES

18. Common name Dose Disease controlled
Carboxin
(Vitavax)
0.1 %•Seed treatment – Smuts/Bunts
•Seed & soil borne pathogens
•Rhizoctonia spp.
Oxycarboxin
(Plantvax)
0.1 %•Puccinia on cereals/pulses/
ornementals/vegetables/coffee
OXATHIIN COMPOUNDS

19. BENZIMIDAZOLES
Common
Name
Trade
Name
Dose Diseases
controlled
Benomyl Benlate
Benomyl
0.1%
Pre/post harvest spray
for PH diseases
Blast/ scab/PM
Verticillium /
Rhizoctonia
Carbendazim Bavistin
Tagstin
0.1%
Leaf spot / rust
Fusarium / Cercospora
ThiabendazoleThiabend
azole
0.1%
Botytis /
Cercospora
/Ceratocystis/Colletotric
hum / Fusarium /
Septoria/ Rhizoctonia

20. THIOPHANATES
MORPHOLINES
COMMON NAME DOSEDISEASE CONTROLLED
Tridemorph
(Calixin)
0.1 %PM / Rust
Ganoderma
Exobacidium vexans,
Mycosphaerela musicola
Dodemorph
(Meltatox)
0.1 %Diplocarpon rosae

21. Pyrimidines & its related compounds
COMMON NAME DOSE DISEASE CONTROLLED
Triadimefon
(Bayleton)
0.2 %
Powdery mildews &
Rusts
Triadimenol
(Bayton)
0.2 %
Hydroxy Pyrinidines
COMMON NAME DOSE DISEASE CONTROLLED
Ethirimol
(Milliatem)
0.3% Powdery mildew of field
crops / cucurbits
Dimethirimol
(Milcurb)
0.3% Chrysanthemum &
cucurbits powdery mildew

22. Common name Dose Disease controlled
Pyrazophos (Afugan/Curamil/
Missile)
0.05 – 1 %Powdery mildew of all
crops
Iprobenphos –IBP (Kitazin) 0.05 – 1 %BLAST / Sheath blight
Organo phosphorous compounds
Common
name
Dose Disease controlled
Choloroneb
(Demosan)
0.05 % -
0.1%
•Seedling diseases
•Rhizoctonia / Pythium / Fusarium
/ Puccinia spp
Phenol derivative

23. Triazole compounds
Common name Trade
Name
Disease controlled
Hexaconazole Contaf,
Excel
Powdery mildews and rusts
PropiconazoleTilt Rusts, powdery mildews and
Sigatoka
Tebuconazole FolicurPowdery mildews, rusts, leaf
spots etc
Penconazole Topas Powdery mildews, rusts, leaf
spots etc
DifenoconozoleScore Powdery mildews, rusts, leaf
spots etc

24. Other systemic fungicides
Common
Name
Trade
Name
Dose Diseases controlled
Metalaxyl Apron /
Ridomil
6g/kg
0.2%
PERONOSPORALES
Metalaxyl +
Mancozeb (8%
+ 64%)
Ridomil
MZ-72
0.3%Damping off / downy
mildews / late blight
TricyclazoleBeam 0.1%BLAST
Fosetyl - AlAlliette0.3%Oomycetes
Pyroquilon (Pyrrolo-
quindinone)
Fongorene Pyroquilon (Pyrrolo-quindinone)
Azoxystrobin
(Strobilurin group)
Amistar Broad
spectrum
Azoxystrobin (Strobilurin group)

25. Major modes of action of systemic
fungicides
•It bind to tubulin protein, disrupting microtubule assembly,
preventing the formation of spindles at cell division, and thus
resulting in the mal-segregation of chromosomes during cell
division
–Inhibits the development of fungi by interfering with spindle
formation at mitosis - cell division
•Interfere in ergosterol biosynthesis
•Disturb electron transport system – prevent ATP synthesis
•Inhibit respiration
•Interfere in the enzyme and protein synthesis

26. Systemic induced resistance (SIR)
chemicals
•Messenger – United States
•Bion, Actigard – Europe
•Agri-fos – Australia and US
•Oryzemate – Japan

27. Combination fungicides
•Carbendazim + Mancozeb - Companion,
SAAF
•Metalaxyl + Mancozeb - Ridomil Gold,
Ridomil MZ 72, Unilx, Assult, Master
•Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole - Nativo
•Zineb + Hexaconazole – Avtar

28. ANTIBIOTICS
I. ANTIBACTERIAL ANTIBIOTICS
1. Streptomycin sulphate – Streptomysis griseus
COMMON NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED
Streptomycin
sulphate
(Streptomyces
griseus)
Agrimycin 100
Plantomycin,
Streptocyclin,
Phytostrip,
Agristrep
Streptomycin
sulphate
•Fire blight
•Citrus canker
•Cotton black arm
•Bacterial spot of tomato
•Soft rot of vegetables
•Bacterial wilts / rots

29. TETRACYCLINES – Different species of Streptomyces
COMMON
NAME
TRADE NAME DISEASE
CONTROLLED
TETRACYCLINES
(S. rimoses & S.
aureofaciens)
Terramycin
Oxymycin
Oxytetracyclin
Seed borne bacteria
Phytoplasmas
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens

30. II. ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS
Aureofungin – Sreptoverticillium cinnamomeum
COMMON NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED
AUREOFUNGIN
(Steptoverticillium
cinnamomeum)
Aureofungin – Sol Ganoderma
Phytophthora,
Podosphaera,
Venturia, Alternaria
Tikka, PM / DM grapes
Griseofulvin – Different species of Penicillium
COMMON NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED
GRISEOFULVIN
(Penicillium
griseofulvum)
Greseofulvin, Fulvin,
Grisovin
PM of beans/ rose
Downy mildew of cucumber
Botrytis cineria,
Alternaria solani

31. CYCLOHEXIMIDE – Streptomysis spp
COMMON NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED
CYCLOHEXIMIDE
(Streptomyces
griseus & S. noures)
Actidione, Actidione PM / RZErysiphe, Tilletia,
Rhizopus, Botrytis
cineria, Alternaria solani
COMMON NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED
BLASTICIDIN (S.
griseochromogenes)
Bla - s Pyricularia oryzae
ANTIMYCIN (S. griseus) Antimycin A. solani, Pyricularia
oryzae
KASUKAMYCIN (S.
kasugaensis)
Kasumin Pyricularia oryzae
THIOLUTIN (S. albus) Thiolutin Phytophthora
infestans
Others

32. Mode of action of Antibiotics
Inhibits or interfere in enzyme or
protein synthesis
Interfere with cell membrane
permeability
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
Interferes with DNA synthesis

33. Generations in fungicides
First generation
fungicides
Traditional inorganic protectants / preparations with broad
spectrum activities
(e.g.) Bordeaux mixture, Burgundy mixture, Chaubattia paste
Second generation
fungicides
Organic commercial fungicides from 1940 to 1965
(e.g.) Copper oxy chloride, Thiram, Wettable sulphur, Mancozeb
Third generation
fungicides
Organic, systemic, non selective, site specific fungicides
developed from 1966 to 1976 (e.g.) Carboxin, Oxycarboxin,
Benomyl, Carbendazim, Thiabendazole, Thiophanate
Fourth generation
fungicides
Interfere with specific steps in host pathogen interaction either
by preventing penetration of pathogens into host plants or by
activating the defense system of plants against invading
pathogens. Advantages - long residual activities requiring less
frequent applications and lack of resistance development. (e.g.)
Metalaxyl, Fosetyl-AI, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole,
Hexaconazole, Difenoconazole, Tricyclazole, Azoxystrobin,
Trifloxystrobin
New generation
fungicides with
novel modes of
action
Systemic as well as contact fungicides with novel mode of action
developed from 2001 to till date
(e.g.) Pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin, Dimoxystrobin, Boscalid

34. Antipathic agent / Host defense inducers / Host
defense activators / Green chemicals / Plant
activators / Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
compounds
A chemical that exhibits poor or no antifungal
activity under in vitro conditions and provides
protection to the plants against diseases by
inducing the host defense system at low
concentrations is called antipathic agents.
(e.g.) Salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonic acid (JA), β -
amino butyric acid (BABA), Actigard, Bion,
Probenazole, Fosetyl - Al