Fungus.pptx this is one kind of bacteria

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1. Fungus

2. Fungi: Fungi- Pharmaceutical importance, characteristics, morphology, sexual & asexual reproduction, cultivation, classification of fungi, some fungi of special interest such as Penicillium, Candida, Aspergillus, Rhizopus; diseases caused by fungi.

3. CLO 1 Learn time wise development and practice of microbiological science and its relation with pharmaceutical microbiology. CLO 2 Demonstrate the knowledge of bacterial and fungal biology and apply microbiological process. CLO 3 Prepare grow and preserve different bacterial and strains of both aerobic and anaerobic type. CLO 4 Acquire knowledge on different sterilization techniques and sterility testing as well as asceptic condition required for the pharmaceutical product.

4. The fungi (singular, fungus) The fungi (singular, fungus) are a group of eucaryotic organisms that are of great practical and scientific interest to microbiologists. The fungi are heterotrophic organisms —they require organic compounds for nutrition. When they feed on dead organic matter, they are known as saprophytes . The science or study of fungi is called mycology. THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI Saprophytes decompose complex plant and animal remains, breaking them down into simpler chemical substances that are returned to the soil, thereby increasing its fertility. Saprophytic fungi are also important in industrial fermentations : for example, the brewing of beer, the making of wine, and the production of antibiotics such as penicillin. The leavening of dough and the ripening of some cheeses also depend on fungal activity. As parasites (i.e., when living in or on another organism), fungi cause diseases in plants, humans, and other animals. Fungi can decompose timber, textiles, food, and other materials. Fungi have also become tools for the physiologist , biophysicist, geneticist, and biochemist, who find them highly suitable subjects for the study of some biological processes.

5. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI Fungi are eucaryotic chemo organotrophic organisms that have no chlorophyll. The thallus (plural, thalli). or body of a fungus may consist of a single cell as in the yeasts ; more typically the thallus consists of filaments, 5 to 10 µ .m across, which are commonly branched . The yeast cell or mold filament is surrounded by a true cell wall .( Cell wall material Chitin) Some fungi are dimorphic; that is, they exist in two forms.( Yeast like and Filamentous form) MORPHOLOGY In general, yeast cells are larger than most bacteria- Yeasts vary considerably in size, ranging from 1 to 5 µ m in width and from 5 to 30 µ m or more in length. They are commonly egg-shaped , but some are elongated and some spherical. Yeasts have no flagella or other organelles of locomotion. The thallus of a mold consists essentially of two parts: the mycelium (plural, mycelia ) and the spores (resistant, resting, or dormant cells). The mycelium is a complex of several filaments called hyphae (singular, hypha ).

6. REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction Fungi reproduce naturally by a variety of means . Asexual reproduction (also called somatic or vegetative reproduction ) does not involve the union of nuclei . It may be accomplished by Fission of somatic cells yielding two similar daughter cells; Budding of somatic cells or spores, each bud a small outgrowth of the parent cell developing into a new individual; Fragmentation or disjointing of the hyphal cells, each fragment becoming a new organism; or Spore formation . Asexual spores, whose function is to disseminate the species, are produced in large numbers. There are many kinds of asexual spores : Sporangiospores. These single-celled spores are formed within sacs called sporangia (singular, sporangium) at the end of special hyphae (sporangiophores). Aplanospores are nonmotile sporangiospores. Zoospores are motile sporangiospores, their motility being due to the presence of flagella. Conidiospores or conidia (singular, conidium). Small, single-celled conidia are called microconidia . Large, multi celled conidia are called macroconidia . Conidia are formed at the tip or side of a hypha. Oidia (singular. oldium ) or arthrospores . These single-celled spores are formed by disjointing of hyphal cells. Chlamydospores. These thick-walled, single-celled spores are highly resistant to adverse conditions. They are formed from cells of the vegetative hypha. Biastospores . These are spores formed by budding .

7. Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is carried out by fusion of the compatible nuclei of two parent cells. The process of sexual reproduction begins with the joining of two cells and fusion of their protoplasts ( piasniogamy ), thus enabling the two haploiid nuclei of two mating types to fuse together (karyogamy) to form a diploid nucleus. This is followed by meiosis, which again reduces the number of chromosomes to the haploid number. The sex organelles of fungi, if they are present, are called gametangia (singular, gametangium). They may form differentiated sex cells ( gametes ) or may contain instead one or more gamete nuclei. If the male and female gametangia are morphologically different , the male gametangium is called the antheridium (plural, antheridia) and the female gamotangium is called the Ogonium (plural, oogonia). The various methods of sexual reproduction (by which compatible nuclei are brought together in plasmogamy) may be summarized as follows Gametic copulation . Fusion of naked gametes , one or both of which are motile. Gamete- gametangial copulation . Two gametangia come into contact but do not fuse ; the male nucleus migrates through a pore or fertilization tube into the female gametangium . Gainetangial copulation . Two gametangia or their protoplasts fuse and give rise to a zygote that develops into a resting spore . Somatic copulation . Fusion of somatic or vegetative cells. Spermatization . Union of a special male structure called a spermatium (plural, sperniatia with a female receptive structure. The spermatium empties its contents into the latter during plasmogamy .

8. PHYSIOLOGY Fungi are better able to withstand certain extreme environmental conditions than most other microorganisms. Some yeasts are facultative; that is, they can grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Molds and many yeasts are usually aerobic microorganisms. Fungi grow over a wide range of temperature, with the optimum for most saprophytic species from 22 to 30°C ; pathogenic species have a higher temperature optimum, generally 30 to 37°C. Some fungi will grow at or near 0°C and thus can cause spoilage of meat and vegetables in cold storage. Fungi are capable of using a Wide variety of materials for nutrition . However, they are heterotrophic. Unlike some bacteria, they cannot use inorganic carbon compounds, such as carbon dioxide, as their sole carbon source. Carbon must come from an organic source, such as glucose. Some species can use inorganic compounds of nitrogen , such as ammonium salts. But all fungi can use organic nitrogen; this is why culture media for fungi usually contain peptone, a hydrolyzed protein product.

9. CULTIVATION OF FUNGI Molds and yeasts can be studied by the same general cultural methods used for bacteria. Nearly all of them grow aerobically on the usual bacteriological culture media at temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C. Most of them grow more slowly than bacteria, so that media which support bacteria as well as fungi may be overgrown by bacterial contaminants in a mixed inoculum. Where fungi are to be isolated. Acidic (pH 5.6) media that incorporate a relatively high concentration of sugar are tolerated by molds but are inhibitory to many bacteria. Inoculation of a small fragment of mycelium on a medium is sufficient to start a new mold colony . This is done by planting the inoculum on a fresh medium with the aid of a transfer needle, a method similar to that used for bacteria. One difference is that the needle used for molds is stiffer and has a flattened tip for cutting the mycelium. However, an ordinary inoculating loop used for bacteria is suitable for the inoculation of yeasts.

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