G12-Practical-research-lesson 2 stem.pptx

for G12 STEM

1. Practical research 2

2. If in case you encountered the following situations what would you do? 1. It’s your first time in Manila and you were lost 2

3. 2. Your new friend will be celebrating his/her birthday, and you want to surprise him/her

4. 3. You will be one of the candidates of Mr./Ms. Summer 2024 but you still have belly fats and lacks confidence

5. From the situations, what are the common steps or actions that you will do? 5

6. Inquiry as cited by Uy, Cabautan , De Castro, & Grajo (2016) involves the quest for truth, information, or knowledge through asking questions. It could be passed from one generation to generation from ancestors or parents to offspring. This process is needed in order to acquire knowledge using sensory perceptions in an increasing difficulty as one develops to adulthood.

7. If you would like to ask questions to the following people, what would you ask? 1. doctor 2. President of the Philippines 3. parent 7

8. Research is analogous to inquiry One of doing inquiry in scholarly way is through research thus, inquiry is needed in research. Research is a method of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method of inquiry to enrich the system of objective knowledge in the fields of natural and social science. It is derived from a French word “ cerchier ” meaning to seek or search. It is a process of scientific thinking which lead to discovery or establishment of new knowledge and truth. 8

9. Research is conducted with different purposes such as preservation and improvement of the quality of human life, discover new facts or new “truths”, find answer to a problem, and improve existing method or techniques. 9

10. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 1. Objective. The research questions as well as the research instruments are objective in nature. Whatever the result is not intentionally or purposively manipulated by the researcher. 2. Clearly defined research questions. Research questions could be answered directly by numerical data. 10

11. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 3. Uses structured research instruments. Instruments used are in structured form with pre-determined answers and choices. High occurrence or preference of respondents’ choices could be revealed based on the obtained common answer indicated by numbers. 4. Gathers numerical data. The nature of quantitative research uses quantifiable variables or values which will be treated by either descriptive or inferential statistics. Interpretation is based on values obtained with the least involvement of the researcher. 11

12. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 5. Needs large sample size. In order to increase the reliability of the result larger sample size is needed which could be based on sampling technique. Quantitative research commonly use random sampling techniques or probability sampling. 6. Can be replicated. Results of quantitative research could be replicated following the same procedure in different settings or locations which could be on the purpose of adapting the research to help a certain group, community or organization. 12

13. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 7. Could predict future outcomes. Some research undertakings could predict the future outcomes through mathematical computations or through the use of programs as an outcome of research as well as based on statistical computations if in case a certain variable will be faced by other researchers. 8. Scientific and Systematic. Quantitative research follows a systematic or organized way in conducting the study particularly researches which strictly follows a procedure based on the plan. 13

14. Strengths of Quantitative Research ( Mujis 2011; Sharp 2012; Faltado , Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016) 1. It is objective and with the least involvement by the researcher thus the data can’t be easily misinterpreted and free from bias. 2. Its numerical data obtained in varying types can be analyzed easily using statistical treatments from different software or applications which are user friendly and proven more effective in validating constructed hypothesis and theories. 14

15. Strengths of Quantitative Research ( Mujis 2011; Sharp 2012; Faltado , Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016) 3. It can be replicated. Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in the different areas or over time with the formulation of comparable findings. The instruments may be re- used by future researchers in the different fields and contexts. 4. It follows scientific and systematic method in obtaining information and other necessary data from planning to the actual conduct of the study. 15

16. Strengths of Quantitative Research ( Mujis 2011; Sharp 2012; Faltado , Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016) 5. Its samples and respondents are randomly selected and are not related or known to the research proponent. Anonymity of the respondents and confidentiality of the results were kept and considered for ethical reasons. This makes the study more credible and reliable with people in authority. 16

17. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research ( Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016; Uy, Cabauatan , De Catro and Grajo , 2016) 1. The statistical treatment and its analysis could not be understood by an average readers 2. Quantitative research requires large number of respondents 17

18. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research ( Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016; Uy, Cabauatan , De Catro and Grajo , 2016) 3. Due to technicality and having large number of respondents the actual conduct and processes involved in the study is costly. 4. The information contextual factors to help interpret the results to explain variations are usually ignored. 18

19. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research ( Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016; Uy, Cabauatan , De Catro and Grajo , 2016) 5. Many information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments especially on sensitive issues like pre- marital sex, domestic violence, among others. 6. The result could be too abstract to readers and its direct applications to local conditions and to the people who are involved could not be given emphasis. 19

20. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research ( Bombita , Boholano & Pogoy , 2016; Uy, Cabauatan , De Catro and Grajo , 2016) 7. Result of the study are limited numeric interpretations rather than considerations of the individual’s insights and views. 8. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate. 20

21. Kinds of Quantitative Research Descriptive research. It involves describing the nature, characteristics, and components of the population or a phenomenon. It attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and determine frequency with which it occurs. Variables are not manipulated and the cause and effect, difference and relationship is not determined. For example, you want to determine the reading level of Grade 10 students using Phil- Iri tool, you will be able to describe level and address the problems which could arise due to this reading level. 21

22. Kinds of Quantitative Research Correlational research. It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between or among variables without necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying them. It is also concerned with the extent of relationships that exists between or among variables. The purpose of this research is to use two or more variables to better understand the conditions of events that we encounter; to predict future conditions and events and correlation doe not always means causation. 22

23. Kinds of Quantitative Research Evaluation research. This research aims to assess the effects, impacts or outcome of practices, policies and programs. After a certain program or training an evaluation is given which could determine if the program or training is effective or not. 23

24. Kinds of Quantitative Research Causal-comparative research. It is used to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship. It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact) research. It derives conclusions from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variable. It discusses why and how the phenomenon occurs. It is not conducted between the two groups on each other. The look solely for statistical relationship between the two variables it tries to identify how the different groups are affected by the same circumstance. It involves comparison of two or more groups without focusing on their relations and statistics has a significant role in synthesizing the data. 24

25. Kinds of Quantitative Research Historical quantitative research. It uses the historical data to predict the behavior of the variable. It traces patterns from historical data. 25

26. Kinds of Quantitative Research Survey research. It used the most commonly non- experimental research. It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. It may be done in various ways like face- to – face, phone, mail, and online. It uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling to get a sense of behavior with intense precision. It allows the researcher to judge behavior and then present findings in an accurate way. 26

27. Kinds of Quantitative Research Experimental research. This type of study uses scientific method to test the cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. In this case an effort is made to determine and impose control over all other variables except one. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables. Two groups are involved in any experimental research such as experimental group and control group. The subjects or group in this type of research are chosen randomly and selected by chance and guided by hypothesis or hypotheses which should be proven or disproved. 27

28. Kinds of Quantitative Research The following are types of experimental research: True experimental research uses random selection in determining who among the participants should composed the experimental and control group. Quasi – experimental research adapts comparative techniques in choosing the subjects. a. match –comparison – choosing a treatment group and another group that has similarities with the treatment group. b. time series quasi – experimental research – giving series of pre-tests ad post tests c. single- subject quasi –experimental research – controls treatment and condition applied to adjust one individual or a group. 28