garlic rajali for class jijhhhhhggghhgg.pptx

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1. Production technology of garlic Dr. G.V. Rajalingam Professor (Horticulture) Dept. of Spices and Plantation Crops HC&RI, TNAU Coimbatore

2. Garlic Allium sativum Family - Alliaceae Origin - Central Asia R ich in proteins, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and carbohydrates. Fresh peeled garlic cloves have 62.8 % moisture.

3. Plant Cloves Clove Field view

4. On crushing - alliinase acts on alliin converting it into allicin of which the principal ingredient is odoriferous diallyl disulpide. Garlic contains 0.1% volatile oil - diallyl disulfide (60 % ). Area, Production and Productivity As per 2018-19 - mainly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh (178157 ha), Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh etc. - Madhya pradesh rankded first in area and production. Tamil Nadu - 1450 hectare - 8630 tonnes during 2018-19.

5. Varieties TNAU varieties Ooty 1 , Ooty 2 NHRDF (National Horticultural Research And Development Foundation), New Delhi varieties Agrifound White , Yamuna Safed , Yamuna Safed-2 , Yamuna Safed-3 , Yamuna Safed-4, Yamuna Safed-5 , Agrifound Parvati , and Agrifound Parvati-2 and Yamuna Safed-8 .

6. Varieties developed by ICAR-DOGR (Directorate of Onion & Garlic Research), Pune, Maharashtra. Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple . Local types Singapore Red, Rajali, Tabiti, Cerole, Madrasii, Mettupalayam Mettupalayam type (short duration having 100 days) Soil     V ariety of soils - fertile, well-drained loam soils - A pH range of 6 – 7 is ideal.

7. Climate E levation of 1200–2000 m from MSL - 13-14 hours for long day - 10-12 hours for short day - Indian varieties perform better in short day conditions. N eeds a cool and moist climate for bulb development and vegetative growth - for maturity, warm and dry. Exposing the young plants to temperatures lower than 20⁰C for 1 or 2 months would hasten the bulb formation.Bulbs maybe produced at the axil of the leaves.

8. Propagation V egetatively propagated by cloves Sowing time Hills - March - April South India - August - November Preparation of main field and seed rate T hree to four deep ploughing - 50 tonnes of farmyard manure at last ploughing - About 500 kg cloves of 1 c m diameter are required to plant one hectare.

9. Three types of planting Dibbling F ield is divided into small plots convenient for irrigation - Cloves dibbled 5 to 7.5 cm deep - growing end upwards - 15 cm between rows and 7.5 cm between cloves - covered with loose soil.

10. Furrow planting 15 cm width f urrows are made with hand hoe - In furrows, cloves are dropped by hand 7.5 to 10 cm apart - covered lightly with loose soil and a light irrigation is given. Broadcasting method Convenient size beds are formed and the cloves are broadcasted and covered with soil by harrowing. Then irrigated. Irrigation At 8 days intervals during vegetative growth and 10-15 days during maturation. Manures and fertilizers 50 tonnes of farmyard manure, 100 kg N, 50 kg P and 50 kg K/ha through chemical fertilizer is given

11. Interculture First weeding one month after planting - second one month after first weeding. Hoeing the crop just before the formation of bulbs (about two-and-a-half months after sowing) helps in setting of bigger sized well filled bulbs . Pre emergence - Oxyflurofen 23.5% EC @ 1.5 -2.0 ml/L or Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 3.5-4ml/L before or at the time of planting followed by one hand weeding at 40-60 days after transplanting

12. Physiological disorders Rubberification and premature sprouting of bulbs - low lying areas of watershed where there is heavy deposition of nutrients along with silt during heavy rains. S evere in more frequently irrigated field than the normal . H igher levels of nitrogen - increased level of pre-mature sprouting of bulbs which results in splitting and rubberification of bulbs. Sprouting Normal Splitting

13. Rubberification increases when higher level of nitrogen in the form of urea. Short duration type of garlic (Mettupalayam type) is more susceptible than long duration type (Singapore type). Premature sprouting of bulbs is more in the crop (April-August) when there is high moisture level in soil at maturity of crop due to heavy rains. Delayed harvest during rainy season has increased premature sprouting and splitting of bulbs.

14. Irrigation after long spell of drought results in splitting of bulbs. Wider spacing of cloves - increases uptake of nitrogen and water - increases premature sprouting and rubberification of garlic bulbs. Rubbering

15. Control Avoid excessive application of N to minimise rubberisation. N should not be applied in the form of Urea. Use Ammonium sulphate. Reduce the frequency of irrigation to minimise rubberisation Apply 0.2 % Boron 0.1 % Sodium molybdate on 30th, 60th and 90th days after planting. Spray 1500 ppm of CCC or MH on 30th day of planting to prevent premature sprouting.

16. Plant protection Pest Thrips Mostly observed in dry weather - curling of leaves, leaves become cup shaped or curved upward. keep blue sticky traps @6-8 per acre - spray of Fipronil@30 ml/15 Ltr water . Nematode Nematode can be controlled by the application of Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i./ha 30 days after planting.

17. Diseases Clove rot Before planting treat the cloves with Carbendazim 2 g/kg. Purple blotch : Small whitish sunken lesions with purple centres in leaves- leaves fall over gradually. Spraying of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/litre of water at 15 days intervals .

18. Harvesting Crop becomes ready in 135-150 days after sowing. Stop irrigation at least 15days before harvesting. It is ready for harvesting when its tops turn yellowish or brownish and show signs of drying up and bend over. Curing After harvest cured naturally in the field by windrowing method. It takes about a week for drying of foliage and outer scales. After field curing, the bulbs are cured in a ventilated shed for 7 to 10 days either with fops or after cutting the tops leaving about 2.5 cm neck intact and the roots are removed completely Garlic with intact leaves has more storage life than the topped garlic.

19. Curing

20. Yield 10 to 20 t/ha depending upon variety and regions Sorting and Grading Garlic bulbs after curing are run over a grader or graded manually before their storage or marketing. The garlic is graded according to their size (diameter) in three grades i.e.Big (30-35 mm), medium (25-30 mm) and small (10-25mm).

21. Packing In India, garlic is packed in open mesh jute bags of varying sizes normally between 40 kg and 60 kg. Nylon-netted bags used for packing and further storage cause minimum losses in storage. Storage After grading, garlic bulbs are stored well in ordinary well-ventilated rooms. Only big and medium grade bulbs should be stored. Generally, bulbs are stored for 6-8 months .

22. Storage with leaves             Thoroughly cured garlic with dried leaves can also be stored by hanging in well-ventilated rooms. This is, however, not possible on commercial scale because space requirement is more.

23. Thank you