Gas Hydrogen as fuel alternative in the future.pptx

Possibility hydrogen Gas as fuel

1. Hydrogen (the next generation fuel) Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mr.M.R.P.REDDY M.Tech , MISTE,(PhD) Associate Professor Presented By : M.RAVI SHANKAR VUMMIDI 06A81A0220 4 th B.TECH

2. INTRODUCTION : The amount of waste hydrogen produced widely depending on the process in a particular plan. This paper examines alternatives for plants that produce four metric tones of hydrogen .Power generation greater than 1MW is the focus of this paper.

3. HYDROGEN BASICS : The combustion of hydrogen produces no carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate or sulpher emissions. As the conventional fuel of choice, progressed from wood to coal then to oil and natural gas, the percentage of carbon in our fuel as declined and the percentage of hydrogen increased . Hydrogen has higher energy per unit of mass but lower energy per unit volume. By weight hydrogen carries 3 times energy of our most --common fuels.

4. HYDROGEN BASICS:(cont ….) The major down side of hydrogen is its poor volumetric energy density, making storage and transportation a fundamental challenge. To help resolve this problem the hydrogen industry is currently certifying 1000psi hydrogen cylinders

5. HYDROGEN-ECONOMY : Our dependence on fossil fuels present fundamental challenges to our economic security, environmental security and homeland security. We must pursue a promising pathway to a more secure energy future. Hydrogen can be produced renewably under all conventional energy sources; the result is fuel flexibility energy security. Hydrogen is well matured with renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power. Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity with no conventional pollutants Fuel cells produce less CO2 per unit of work .Usually less than conventional alternatives. Transitional strategies like hybrid vehicles will help, but because of vehicle growth in use, we would still need to import as much oil; as we import today. We need a permanent solution.

6. ANALYSIS OF FUEL ECONOMY :

7. FUEL CELL : The fuel cell does not generate energy through burning; rather, it is based on an electrochemical process. There are little or no harmful emissions. The only release is clean water. Hydrogen, the simplest element consisting of one proton and one electron, is plentiful and is exceptionally clean as a fuel. Hydrogen makes up 90% of the universe and is the third most abundant element on the earth's surface. Such wealth of energy would provide an almost unlimited amount of energy at relatively low fuel cost. But there is a price to pay. The fuel cell core (or stack), which converts oxygen and hydrogen to electricity, is expensive to build and maintain.

8. FUEL CELL: (contd…) A fuel cell is electrolysis in reverse, using two electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Hydrogen is presented to the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen to the positive electrode (anode). A catalyst at the anode separates the hydrogen into positively charged hydrogen ions and electrons. A single fuel cell produces 0.6-0.8 volts under load. Several cells are connected in series to obtain higher voltages.

9. FUEL CELL: (contd…) Fig: The principle of an electrolyzer, shown left; of a fuel cell, shown right Anode : H2  2H+ +2e- Cathode: ½ O2+2H+ +2e-  H2O Overall: H2+1/2 O2  H2O CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

10. How does a Fuel Cell work ?

11. APPLICATIONS: IN AUTOMOBILES: The fuel cell is intended to replace the internal combustion engine of cars, trucks and buses. Because of pending technical issues of the fuel cell, and the low cost of the combustion engine, experts predict mass-produced fuel cell powered cars to arrive by 2015, or even 2020. Fuel cells may soon compete with batteries for portable applications, such as laptops. The energy will be cheaper than that of a conventional battery and lengthy recharging will become redundant. However, the size and price of today's portable fuel cells do not yet meet customer's expectations.

12. HYPER CAR :

13. IN RESIDENTIAL DWELLING : A web of the energy networks interconnects residential houses. A few houses have fuel cells. Those houses interchange the hydrogen that is produced by their fuel process. All houses are able to join to the interchange of hot water and electricity. Electricity is interchanged virtually via conventional grid Fig... Example of proposed energy networks in residential houses

14. IN RESIDENTIAL DWELLING : Fig... Energy interchanges of residential houses

15. Compact fuel processing system :

16. Hydrogen safety : Small leak more flammable than for gasoline, but more likely to disperse, so ignition less likely. Static spark can ignite, so ground during transfer. Detonation more likely than with gasoline because of wider flammable concentration and higher flame speed Need high pressure to transfer efficiently: 5-10k psi. Odorless, burns with a blue flame. Small molecule precludes adding scent molecule.

17. STORAGE : Hydrides, however, store little energy per unit weight. Current research aims to produce a compound that will carry a significant amount of hydrogen with a high energy density, release the hydrogen as a fuel, react quickly, and be cost-effective. Hydrogen may also be stored as a gas, which uses less energy than making liquid hydrogen. As a gas, it must be pressurized to store any appreciable amount. For large-scale use, pressurized Hydrogen gas could be stored in avers, gas fields, and mines. The hydrogen gas could then be piped into individual homes in the same way as natural gas.

18. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS : Claims that hybrid vehicle are just as clean environmentally as fuel cell vehicles are in accurate Only hydrogen offers the promise of completely removing motor vehicles from the pollution equation. Although fossils fuels will be used to produce hydrogen in the medium turn, in long-term hydrogen can be derived largely from renewable sources. Gasoline on the other hand can only be derived from fossil fuels. Although a Prius hybrid is significantly cleaner than air conventional gasoline vehicle, it is not cleaner than an hydrogen vehicle where the hydrogen is derived from clean sources. Aronne national laboratory and NRC evaluated a nation natural gas based h2FCV and calculated it emits 60%less green house gases than the conventional gasoline vehicle and 25% less than a prius hybrid (2004)

19. LIMITATIONS : The efficiency of a new power source is often compared with a diesel engine or a nickel-cadmium battery, both of which perform well at 100% load factor. This is not the case with the fuel cell, which operates best at 30%. Higher loads reduce the efficiency considerably. Supplying pure oxygen instead of air improves the load factor. One of the major limitations of the fuel cell is the high-energy cost. While an internal combustion engine requires an investment of $30 to produce one kilowatt (kW) of power, the equivalent cost in a fuel cell is a whopping $3,000 (Refer to The cost of portable power). Part of that cost is due to experimental production since the fuel cell is not yet mass-produced. The goal is developing a fuel cell that is par with a diesel engine in terms of cost.

20. CONCLUSION : The concept of interconnection of residential dwellings with the energy networks of electricity, heat and hydrogen are present in this paper .It provides considerable effects on carbon dioxide mitigation and energy conservation If the technological and infrastructure barriers can be remedied, fuel cells provide enormous environmental, economic, and political benefits. If these benefits are to be realized we must commit to the technological and infrastructure developments that are required advancement

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