Gathering data. It is talks about how to gatherdata

Gathering data in research is very important.

1. Gathering of Data AN INTRODUCTION

2. There is no formula for selecting the best method to be used when gathering data. it depends on the researcher’s design of the study, the type of data, the time allotment to complete the study, and the researcher's financial capacity. Some common methods of data collection are interview method, questionnaire, observation, test, experiment, registration, and use of mechanical devices.

3. Methods of Collecting D ata

4. INTER VIEW METHOD Direct Method The researcher personally interviews the respondent. Usually, the interviewer calls for a meeting with the interviewee or visits him or her at home.

5. 2. Indirect Method The researcher uses a telephone to interview the respondents.

6. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD A questionnaire is a list of well planned questions written on paper, which can be either personally administered or mailed by the researcher to the respondents using any of the following forms:

7. 1. Guided-Response Type The respondent is guided in making his or her reply. Example: 1. Have you been convicted of any crime? YES___ No___ (put a check in the space provided). If your answer is YES, go to the next question. If your answer is NO, go to question number 3.

8. 2. Recall Type Example: Age Sex Civil status Length of stay in a community Number of times you have been hospitalized due to a serious illness

9. 4. Dichotomous Type Example: Do you live alone? YES___ NO___

10. 3. Recognition Type example: Which of the following figures is a square? (a) ( b ) ( c ) ( d )

11. 5. Multiple Choice Type Example: Which of the following that best describe your personality? Playful Friendly Studios Out-going None of these

12. 6. Multiple-Response Type Example: What appliances/devices do you have at home? Encircle the numbers. Television 7. Vacuum cleaner Refrigerator 8. Personal computer DVD/VCD player 9. Fax machine Piano/Organ 10. Telephone Electric stove 11. component Gas range

13. 7. Free-Response Type The respondent is not guided in giving his reply. He can answer using his style and in his own way.

14. 8. Rating Scale Type Example: How serious is the drug problem in your barangay? (check among the options) _____ very serious _____ serious _____ fairly serious _____ not serious _____ not a problem

15. EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION METHOD The observation method is commonly used in psychological and anthropological studies. It is a method of obtaining data by seeing, hearing, testing, touching, and smelling. Through observation, additional information, which cannot be obtained using the other methods like questionnaire, may be gathered.

16. TEST METHOD This method is widely used in psychological research and psychiatry. Standard tests are used because of their validity, reliability, and usability. Example: Aptitude tests, IQ tests, Achievement Tests

17. REGISTRATION METHOD Example of data gathered using this method are those that are obtained from the National Statistics Office, Land Transportation Office, Department of Education, CHED, SEC, and other government agencies.

18. MECHANICAL DEVICES The devices that can be used when gathering data for social and educational researches are the camera, projector, videotape, tape recorder, etc. in chemical, biological, and medical researches, the common devices are the X ray machine, microscope, ultrasound, weighing scales, CT scan, etc.

19. Sampling Techniques

20. Before the collection of data, it is necessary to determine the sample size if the population is very large and if you only have few months to do the study. For instance: The researcher wants to know the average income of the families living in barangay A which has 2, 500 residents.

21. To compute for the sample size, the Slovin’s formula will be used: n 2 Where n= sample size N= number cases e= margin of error Note: 5% is the acceptable margin of error is allowed  

22. Given: N= 2, 500 e= 0.05 Solution: n 2 n 2 n= 344.8 or 345 families  

23. RANDOM SAMPLING In this method, all members of the population have equal chances of being included in the study. This is applicable if the target population is not classified into different clusters, sections, levels, or classes. The method is easy to use, but not when population is very large, say a thousand or more.

24. Lottery Method It is the most common and the easiest method of random sampling. The names of the respondents will be written on small pieces of paper which will be rolled and placed in a jar.

25. Systematic Sampling Stratified Random Sampling This method is applied when the population is divided into different strata or classes wherein each class must be represented in the study.

26. Example: Suppose a researcher wants to determine the average income of the families in a barangay having 3, 000 families, distributed in five (5) puroks . Computing for the sample size n at a 5% margin of error: n 2 n 353  

27. The required sample size from each Purok Purok Population Percentage N k (number of sample per strata) 1 800 27% 0.27 x 353= 95 2 400 13% 0.13 x 353= 46 3 500 17% 0.17 x 353= 60 4 600 20% 0.20 x 353= 71 5 700 23% 0.23 x 353= 81 N 3, 000 100% 353

28. 2. Cluster Sampling When the geographical area where the study will be done is too big and the target population is too large, the cluster sampling technique may be appropriate.

29. Example: A doctor wants to make a nationwide study on the correlation between smoking and death rate. He decided to focus on the 13 regions of the country, which can be considered as the clusters. If three of the 13 clusters or regions are the desired sample units, the names of the 13 clusters will be written on small pieces of paper, then three will be picked at random using the lottery method. All the residents of the selected three clusters will be included in the study.

30. 3. Purposive Sampling The respondents of the study will be chosen based on their knowledge of the information required by the researcher.

31. Example: Suppose a researcher wants to make a historical study about Town A. the target population will be the senior citizen of the town since they are the most reliable persons who know the history of the town. If there are 2, 000 senior citizens and a 3% margin of error is allowed, the sample size will be 714. they will be chosen using any of the methods discussed previously.

32. 4. Quota Sampling This technique is commonly used in opinion polls. Suppose a salesman is required to gather information as to the most common hair shampoo used by female Filipino clients. If he wants 2, 000 sample units and he needs to do the survey within a short timetable, he can station himself at a public place, such as a park or a mall, then ask the females what shampoo they usually use. After meeting the required number of sample points, the researcher is through with his collection of data.

33. 5. Convenience Sampling This technique is resorted to by researchers who need the information the fastest way possible. The telephone can be used to interview the respondents about their opinions on a certain issue. This method may be fast but it is also biased because those who have no telephones do not have a chance to be included in the study. Another example is the case of a teacher who makes a research which requires the inclusion of students as respondents. Conveniently, the teacher may use his own students as respondents.

34. The Data Collection Process

35. The collection of data for statistical analysis is an involved process and includes the following steps:

36. Define the objectives of the survey of study. E xample: To compare the effectiveness of a new drug to the effectiveness of the standard drug. To estimate the average household income in the Philippines.

37. 2. Define the variable and the population of interest. Example: Length of recovery time for patients suffering from a particular disease. Total income for household in the Philippines.

38. 3. Define the data collection and data measuring schemes. This include sampling frame, sampling procedures, sample size, and the data measuring device (questionnaire, telephone, and so on).

39. 4. Collect your sample. Select the subjects to be sampled and collect the data.

40. 5. Review the sampling process upon completion of collection.

41. Procedures for Gathering Data

42. For a descriptive research (we try to determine the truth or fact behind the existing theory), which utilizes the questionnaire method of gathering data, the following is the recommend procedure.

43. Letter of permission; Distribution of questionnaires to respondents; After respondents will answer the questionnaires, it will be retrieved; and Data will be tabulated, analysed, interpreted, so that accurate inferences are deduced.

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45. Mr. R aul M. Partoza PRESENTER