Gen Bio2_12N-Lesson 3.1 & 3.2-The Need to Take in Food & The Need to Eliminate Wastes and Other Harmful Substances_065152.pptx

PowerPoint presentation in Biology

1. Prayer

2. Classroom Rules

3. Mystery Box Challenge Guess the Box

4. Lesson 3.1: The Need to Take in Food

5. At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to: a) discuss how organisms obtain nutrients using food procurement structures, processes, and adaptations, b) illustrate how organisms take in nutrients and process food for survival and how these eliminated from the body as waste, c) explain the importance of waste elimination structures in maintaining hemeostasis . Learning Objectives

6. refers to the complex set of chemical reactions occurring within the cells of the body that convert food into usable energy and help maintain life. Metabolism

7. Breaking down molecules (e.g, breaking down food for energy). Two Main Types of Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Building up molecules (e.g, muscle growth, cell repair).

8. - is the process of obtaining and converting food into the building blocks needed for life. Nutrition

9. Animal Nutrition Autotrophs “self-feeders”- are organisms that produce their own food using (photosynthesis) or chemical energy. Examples: plants, and algae. Heterotrophs - are organisms that cannot make their own food and must consume other organisms. Examples: animals, fungi and most bacteria.

10. Dietary Habits of Animals

11. Herbivores These animals eat only plants. They rely on plant-based foods for their nutrients, such as grass, fruits, and vegetables. Ex. Koala, Deer, Rhinoceros

12. Koala- Koalas are herbivores, plant eaters, who eat almost exclusively eucalyptus leaves. Deer- primarily eat plants, including grass, leaves, twigs, fruits, and nuts, depending on the season and availability. Rhinoceros- Rhinos are herbivores, obtaining their nutrients from feeding on plant matter such as shoots, leaves, fruits, berries, buds, and grass. Herbivorous Animals

13. Carnivores eat other animals. They often have sharp teeth or claws to hunt or tear flesh. Ex. Tiger, Cuttlefish, Lion Carnivores

14. Tiger- The main animals that tigers eat are moose, horses, buffalos, species of deer, pigs, cows, and goats. Cuttlefish- Cuttlefish diets vary depending on where in the ocean they live, but they commonly feed on mollusks, shellfish, fish, octopus, worms, and even other cuttlefish. Lion- Lions primarily eat large animals that weigh from 100 to 1,000 pounds (45 to 453 kilograms), such as zebra and wildebeest. Carnivorous Animals

15. These animals consume both plants and animals. They have a more varied diet, which helps them adapt to different environments. Ex. Bear, Turtle, Ostrich Omnivores

16. Bear- The bear is omnivorous. Its diet consists of berries, grain, fish, insects, birds and mammals. The bear will hunt deer and moose and also feed on carcasses. Turtle- turtles also eat a variety of foods, from earthworms, grubs, snails, beetles and caterpillars to grasses, fruit, berries, mushrooms and flowers. Ostrich- Ostriches are omnivores, although most of their diet is plant-based. They mainly eat leafy greens, flowering plants, roots, grasses and succulents. They also occasionally feed on fallen fruit or small animals such as mice, lizards, frogs, grasshoppers and locusts. Omnivorous Animals

17. These organisms obtain their nutrients from decaying organic matter, such as dead plants and animals. They play a crucial role in breaking down organic material in ecosystems. Ex. Earthworm, Pillbugs, Springtails Detritivores

18. Earthworms- Earthworms are detritivores that help make soil fertile. They eat the dead organic matter along with the dirt and rocks surrounding the dead matter. Pillbugs- Pillbugs are detritivores, which means the pill bug food sources consist of dead and decaying organic matter called detritus. Dead leaves, wood, algae, animal droppings, and other forms of organic matter are all parts of the pillbug diet. Springtails- Springtails are decomposers that, along with fungi and bacteria, break down the mountains of dead leaves, sticks, and trees Detritivores Animals

19. Intracellular Digestion Extracellular Digestion Types of Digestive Systems in Animals

20. - This is typical of simple, single-celled organisms, such as Amoeba. The food is engulfed by the cell and digested inside specialized vacuoles. Intracellular Digestion In more complex organisms, digestion process happens outside the cells, usually in a digestive cavity. Simple organisms like Hydra use a gastrovascular cavity, where digestion and nutrient absorption take place. Extracellular Digestion

21. Feeding Mechanisms in Animals Suspension Feeding Substrate Feeding Fluid Feeding Bulk Feeding

22. Suspension feeding is the capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water Ex: Baleen Whales and certain types of Fish. Suspension Feeding the organism lives on or inside their food source and feeds through the soft tissues. Ex: Earthworms Substrate Feeding

23. - Fluid feeding is the practice of acquiring sustenance by ingesting the bodily fluids of other living things. Ex: Mosquito Fluid Feeding - In this mechanism, organisms eat large pieces of food by using body parts like claws, tentacles, and teeth. Ex: Human and Snake Bulk Feeding

24. Endocytosis Endocytosis is a cellular process used to take in nutrients, whether solid or liquid, through the formation of vesicles from the cell membrane What is Endocytosis? There are 2 Types of Endocytosis 1. Phagocytosis . 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

25. Phagocytosis (“Cell Eating”) Cells engulf large particles, such as food particles or bacteria. Ex. A white blood cell (macrophage) "eats" a bacteria to destroy it and protect the body.

26. Pinocytosis (“Cell Drinking”) The cell engulfs extracellular fluid and dissolved nutrients, forming small vesicles. Ex : Cells lining the blood vessels can take in nutrients and water through this process.

27. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (Selective Uptake) Specific molecules bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering vesicle formation. Ex : A cell might take in cholesterol by using special receptors that recognize low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

28. Stages of Food Processing Ingestion: The first step where food is taken into the body, usually through the mouth. Digestion: This involves breaking down food into smaller molecules so that the body can absorb them. Absorption: After digestion, the body absorbs the nutrients into the bloodstream for transport to cells and tissues. Elimination: The last stage involves the removal of undigested waste from the body through excretion, typically in the form of feces.

29. Human Digestive System Mouth: The food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes like salivary amylase that begin the digestion of carbohydrates. Esophagus: This tube moves food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis (rhythmic muscle contractions). Peristalsis- is  a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract .

30. Human Digestive System Stomach: The stomach  is a J-shaped sac connecting the esophagus above and the small intestine below. Small Intestine: Here, enzymes break down food, and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Large Intestine: The large intestine absorbs water and minerals from undigested food, forming feces for excretion.

31. Nutritional Requirements of Animals Water- aids digestion Carbohydrates- provide energy Proteins- support growth Lipids - store energy Minerals- help with bodily functions Vitamins - are essential for health

32. Plant Nutrition Plants, like all living organisms, need nutrients for growth and survival. Through photosynthesis , plants convert CO2 into glucose (a type of sugar) using sunlight, producing oxygen (O 2 ) as a by-product.

33. Nutritional Adaptation by Plants

34. Carnivorous Plants

35. Venus Flytrap is a flowering plant best known for its carnivorous eating habits. The “trap” is made of two hinged lobes at the end of each leaf. 

36. Sundew Sundew has sticky tentacles and dewy leaves that can lure insects to death.

37. Pitcher Plant Pitcher Plant are also  carnivorous plants known as pitfall traps —a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid.

38. LESSON 3.2: The Need to Eliminate Wastes and Other Harmful Substance s .

39. Animal Excretion Excretion is the process by which the body removes waste products and unnecessary substances, such as toxins and excess fluids, to maintain balance and prevent buildup.

40. Di fferent Mechanisms for Excretion Single-celled organisms like Amoeba use contractile vacuoles to excrete excess water . Cnidarians (e.g., Hydra) diffuse waste through their skin into the surrounding water.

41. Di fferent Mechanisms for Excretion Insects have Malpighian tubules that collect waste from body fluids. Earthworms excrete waste through nephridia in each body segment.

42. Human Excretory System

43. Lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor when you exhale. Skin excretes excess water and some nitrogen wastes through sweat. Kidneys act as the body’s "filter," removing waste and toxins from the blood, and excreting them as urine . Liver convert ammonia to a much less toxic nitrogen waste called “urea”. Human Excretory System

44. Process Involved in Excretion Filtration : refers to the first step of removing waste from the blood. Reabsorption : Nutrients, salts, and most water are reabsorbed into the blood through renal tubules. Secretion : Waste products and toxins are secreted into the filtrate, forming urine. Elimination : The filtered and secreted waste, now called urine , is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, stored in the bladder, and eventually excreted from the body through the urethra.

45. Plants Excretion Most of the waste gases (like oxygen) from photosynthesis and respiration exit the plant through tiny openings called stomata on the leaves. Stomata- the stomata control water loss and gas exchange.

46. Plants Excretion

47. “Excretion in Action”

48. “Balloon Activity”

49. Thanks for listening!