Gender Analysis Framework & Planning (B.R. Siwal)

1. GENDER ANALYSIS
FRAMEWORK
B R SIWAL
NIPCCD
NEW DELHI
E-mail [email protected]

2. What Is Gender Analysis?
An intrinsic dimension of policy analysis
Identifies specifically how public policy
affects women and men differently
Demonstrates that policy and implementation
cannot be gender neutral in gendered
societies
Is supported by specific analytic tools

3. What Competencies Are Required
To Undertake Gender Analysis?
Familiarity with main Gender Analysis
Frameworks
Ability to select the Framework most
likely to yield solutions to the
development problem to be addressed
Able to interpret data
Able to use strategic decision-making
skills

4. GENDER ANALYSIS (GA) IS A
PROCESS TO ASSESS THE –
Differential impact of proposed or existing
policies, programmes, projects and legislation
on women and men.
Gender analysis recognizes that realities of
men’s and women’s lives are different and that
equal opportunities does not necessarily men
equal results.
Gender analysis is a basis of all tools of gender
mainstreaming.

5. GENDER ANALYSIS
FRAMEWORK
GA is practical tool for analysing the
nature of gender differentiation. It
builds by asking questions who does
what? Where? When? And with
what resources?

6. GA basic questions:
1.Who does what?
What is the actual division of labour between men and
women in the project area?
2.Who has what?
Who has access to and control over resources in the
project area?
3.What influences to access and control of resources?
What social, cultural, economic, political influence
gender differentiable rights of access and control?
4.How are resources distributed and who gets what?

7. Gender Analysis Frameworks
Harvard Analytical Framework
DPU Frameworks
a) Moser (triple roles) Framework
b) Levy (web of institutionalisation) Framework
Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM)
Equality and Empowerment Framework
(Longwe)
Capacities and Vulnerabilities Framework
(CVA)
People Oriented Framework (POP)
Social Relations Approach Framework (SRA)

8. HARVARD FRAMEWORK
OF GENDER ANALYSIS
1.Activity profile - based on gender division of
labour and delineates the economic activities of
pop by sex, age and other factors and time
spent on economic activities.
2.Access and control profile- which identify
individuals by sex have access and control over
resources, services and benefits.

9. 3.Factors influencing access and control -
factors affecting access and control e.G.
Social, cultural, economic in relation to
gender.
4.Project cycle analysis -examine a
project proposal or area of intervention
in the light of gender - disaggregated
data, information and social change.

10. HARVARD METHOD OF
PROJECT CYCLE
(CHECKLIST)
I.PROJECT PLANNING
Assessing women’s needs
What needs and opportunities exist for
increasing
women’s participation and/or
Women’s access and control of resources,
services and benefits?

11. How these needs and opportunities decrease the
burden of work?
Whether the women have been consulted in
identification of needs and opportunities?
Defining project objectives
Whether objectives related to women’s needs?

12. Whether objectives adequately reflect women’s
needs?
IIPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Are project personnel sufficiently aware and
sensitive towards women’s needs?
Are women involved in delivery of goods and
services?

13. Do personnel have specific skills?
What training techniques will be used?
Are there appropriate opportunities for women
to participate in project management?

14. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
DOES THE ORGANISATION
Enhance women’s access and control of
resources?
Have adequate resources?
Have capabilities to support and protect
women during the process of change?
Have delivery channel accessible?

15. Whether time and location suitable for women?
Have management information system (MIS)?
Have flexibility to meet changing requirements?
Have women participated in setting objectives?

16. Is there any missed opportunity for women?
Have there been earlier efforts and lesson
learnt?
Project impact on women
How project affect women’s status
responsibilities and role in society?
Is planned change feasable and sustainable?

17. How will each project component affect
women’s access and control of resources and
benefits?
How project design can be adjusted to increase
positive effects and decrease negative effects?

18. PRACTICAL AND STRATEGIC
GENDER NEEDS(Moser method)
Strategic Gender Needs (SGN)
SGN relates to subordinate position of
women in society. SGN relate to gender division
of labour, power, control and issues like legal
rights over bodies oppression - SGN challenge
subordinate position by assisting women to
achieve greater equality and changing existing
roles.

19. PRACTICAL GENDER NEEDS (PGN)
PGN are the needs women identify in their
socially accepted role in society. PGN do not
challenge gender division of labour or
subordination. PGN are a response of immediate
necessity. PGN relates to health, education,
nutrition, fuel, employment, credit, other
support services.

20. DETERMINANTS
ANALYSIS
Factors which determine or influence role,
responsibilities, status, resource use and
access of women and men which therefore
influence outcome of project.
These includes: -
1.General economic conditions - poverty,
inflation, income distribution, employment,
economic policy, infrastructure facilities

21. 2.Institutional factors - government machinery,
NGOs, government policies and programmes
3.Demographic factors - age and sex composition,
sex ratio, fertility, mortality, morbidity, migration,
education
4.Social cultural factors - casts, class, ethnicity,
attitude, belief, social and religious institutions

22. 5.Legal factors - constitutional provisions,
legal safeguards, law enforcement
agencies, legal awareness
6.Political factors - political will, ideology
of parties, type of governance
7.Historical factors

23. Women’s Empowerment Framework
This framework was developed by Sara Hlupekile, a
gender expert from Lusaka, Zambia.
Aims of the framework
To achieve women’s empowerment by enabling
women to achieve equal control over the factors of
production and participate equally in the
development process.
Features
Longwe argues that poverty arises not from lack of
productivity but from oppression and exploitation.
She conceptualises five progressive levels of equality.
The levels of equality are:

24. Pertains to an understanding of the difference
between sex roles and gender roles and the
belief that gender relations and the gender
division of labour should be fair and
agreeable to both sides, and not based on the
domination of one over the other
Conscienti
sation
Pertains to women’s equal participation in the
decision-making process, policy-making,
planning and administration. In development
projects, it includes involvement in needs
assessment, project design, implementation
and evaluation.
Participati
on
Using the participation of women in the
decision-making process to achieve balance
of control between men and women over the
factors of production, without one in a
position of dominance.
Control

25. Pertains to level of material welfare of
women, relative to men, with respect to
food supply, income and medical care,
without reference to whether women are
themselves the active creators and
producers of their material needs
Welfare
Pertains to women’s access to factors of
production¾ land, labour, credit, training,
marketing facilities, and all publicly
available services and benefits¾ on an
equal basis with men. Equality of access is
obtained by securing equality of
opportunity through legal reform to
remove discriminatory provisions.
Access

26. where project objectives are positively
concerned with women’s issues and with
improving the position of women relative to
men
Positive
level
where the project objectives recognise
women’s issues but concern remains neutral
or conservative, merely ensuring that women
are not left worse off than before
Neutral
level
where project objectives are silent about
women’s issues. Experience suggests that
women are likely to be left worse off by such
a project
Negative
level
The women’s empowerment framework identifies
three levels of recognition of women’s issues in project
design:

27.    Welfare
   Access
   Conscientisati
on
   Participation
   Control
PositiveNeutralNegativeLevels of
Recognition
Levels of
Equality
The framework can be used to produce profiles
as below:

28. Social Relations Framework
The social relations framework originated by Naila Kabeer at
the Institute of Development Studies at Sussex, UK.
Aims of the framework
 To analyse existing gender inequalities in the distribution
of resources, responsibilities, and power
•To analyse relationships between people, their
relationship to resources and activities, and how they are
reworked through institutions
•To emphasise human well-being as the final goal of
development

29. Features
• The framework is human well-being, which consists of
survival, security and autonomy. Production is seen as
oriented not just to the market, but also to human well-
being,.
• Poverty is seen to arise out of unequal social relations,
which result in unequal distribution of resources, claims
and responsibilities.
• Gender relations are one such type of social relations.
Social relations are not fixed or immutable. They can and
do change.
•The poor, especially poor women, are often excluded from
access and ownership of resources, and depend upon
relationships of patronage or dependency for resources..
• Institutions ensure the production, reinforcement and
reproduction of social relations, and, thereby, social
difference and inequality

30. household, extended families, lineage
groupings
Family/kins
hip
village tribunals, voluntary associations,
informal networks, patron-client relationships,
NGOs
Community
firms, financial corporations, farming
enterprises, multinationals
Market
legal, military, administrative organisationsState
Organisational/structural formInstitutional
location
Features Contd..
•Gender analysis therefore entails looking at how
institutions create and reproduce inequalities. There
are four key institutional sites: the state, the market,
the community and family/kinship.

31. Five dimensions of institutional social relationships are
especially relevant for gender analysis:
•Rules, or how things get done; do they enable or
constrain? Rules may be written or unwritten, formal
or informal
•Activities, or who does what, who gets what, and who
can claim what. Activities may be productive,
regulative, or distributive
•Resources, or what is used and what is produced,
including human (labour, education), material (food,
assets, capital), or intangible resources (goodwill,
information, networks)
•People, or who is in, who is out and who does what.
Institutions are selective in the way they include or
exclude people, assign them resources and
responsibilities, and position them in the hierarchy
•Power, or who decides, and whose interests are
served.

32. Naila Kabeer classifies development policies as follows:
Gender-blind
• do not distinguish between men and women
• incorporate existing biases
• tend to exclude women
Gender-aware
recognize differences among men and women’s needs and
priorities

33. Finally, the social relations framework analyses immediate,
underlying and structural causes of specific gender issues and
their effects, as shown in the table below:

Immediate causes
at level of
household
community
market
state

The Core Problem

Immediate effects

Intermediate
effects

Long-term effects
Analysis of causes and effects

34. Structural causes at
level of
household
community
market
state

Intermediate
causes at level of
household
community
market
state

35. Uses of the framework
Can be used from project to policy level planning, even on an
international basis
Strengths of the framework
•Sees poverty as not just material deprivation but also
social marginalisation.
•Conceptualises gender as central to development
thinking, not an add-on.
•Links micro to macro factors.
•Highlights interactions between various forms of
inequality: gender, class, race.
•Centres analysis around institutions; highlights the
political aspects of institutions
•Dynamic; tries to uncover processes of impoverishment
and empowerment
•Can be used for different levels of analysis

36. Potential limitations
•Since it examine all cross-cutting inequalities, gender
can get subsumed under other analytical categories
•Can appear complicated, detailed and demanding
Uses of the framework:
•Best suited for project planning, rather than
programme or policy planning
•As a gender-neutral entry point when raising gender
issues with constituents resistant to considering
gender relations and power dynamics
•For baseline data collection
•In conjunction with Moser’s framework, to draw in
the idea of strategic gender needs

37. CAPACITIES AND
VULNERABILITIES ANALYSIS
Development is a process by which
vulnerabilities are reduced and capacities are
increased.
Capacities - are the existing strength in
individuals and social group. They are
released to people’s material and physical
resources. Capacities determine people’s
abilities to cope with crisis and overcome from
it.

38. Vulnerabilities - are the long term factors which
weaken the people’s ability to cope with sudden
emergencies.
Physical and material CAV- consists features of
land, climate, environment where people live,
their health, skills, housing technology, fuel,
food supply their access to capital and other
resources.

39. Social or Organizational CAV –
includes family, caste, class political and
religious organization (these increases
vulnerabilities)
Motivational/Attitudes - includes
psychological factors.
VULNERABILITIES CAPACITIES
M F M F

40. THANK YOU