General Studies-Nature and Types of Sciences

General Studies-Nature and Types of Sciences

1. Nature Of By, Harihar Shri Hari Harshwardhan Prateek

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS What Is Science Why Science How Science Forms Of Science Nature of science 01 02 04 05 03 Characteristics of it 03

3. 01 What Is Science

4. What Is Science Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. It helps us understand how things work, from the smallest particles to the vastness of space.

5. Importance of Science Improves Our Lives Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies, medical treatments, and solutions to problems, improving our quality of life Economic Growth Scientific research and technological innovations contribute to economic development by creating new industries and job opportunities. 01 02 03 Understanding the Natural World Science helps us comprehend the complexities of the universe, from the smallest particles to the vastness of space

6. 02 Why Science

7. Why Science Science gives us the facts we need to make good choices Science leads to new inventions that make life easier and more fun. Science helps create medicines and treatments that make us healthier. Informed Decision-Making Technological Innovation Medical Advancements Environmental Protection Science helps us understand and figure out how to reduce pollution and protect nature

8. 03 How Science Scientific research follows a systematic process known as the scientific method. This method consists of several stages that help scientists investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge

9. Scientific Method Observing phenomena, events, or processes in the natural world and try to know WHY? OBSERVATION & QUESTION Come to an assumption, an idea so that it can be tested to see if it might be true HYPOTHESIS Drawing conclusions based on the data analysis and present your views CONCLUDE Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis and Gathering and recording data from the experiments EXPERIMENT & DATA Conducting background research to see what is already known about the topic RESEARCH 02 01 03 04 05

10. For Example, To Find Impact of CAFFINE ON SLEEP How does caffeine consumption affect sleep quality? OBSERVATION & QUESTION If someone consumes caffeine before bedtime, their sleep quality will decrease. HYPOTHESIS Caffeine intake negatively impacts sleep duration and quality. CONCLUDE Search for Volunteers, give them varying amounts of caffeine, and measure their sleep quality using sleep trackers. EXPERIMENT & DATA Explore studies on caffeine’s impact on sleep patterns RESEARCH 02 01 03 04 05

11. 04 Characteristics of Science

12. Characteristics of Science Empirical Basis Science relies on empirical evidence obtained through observation and experimentation. Researchers collect data from the natural world to formulate hypotheses and draw conclusions. Publicly Verifiable Knowledge Scientific findings are transparent and subject to scrutiny by the scientific community. Research is published in peer-reviewed journals, allowing other experts to replicate experiments and validate results. 01 02 03 Systematic Approach Scientists follow systematic methods to investigate phenomena. This involves structured procedures, controlled experiments, and rigorous analysis.

13. 05 Forms of Science

14. Types Of Science It is the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. is the scientific study of matter, focusing on its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions Mathematics Chemistry Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the molecular level (examining biomolecules and cells) to entire populations. Physics is the natural science that explores matter, its fundamental constituents, motion, behaviour through space and time, and related entities like energy and force

15. 06 NATURE OF SCIENCE

16. Empirical Evidence : Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence that is observable and measurable. It relies on data gathered through experiments, observations, and testing. Reproducibility : Scientific findings must be reproducible. Other researchers should be able to replicate the experiments and obtain similar results. Falsifiability : Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable, meaning they can be disproven through experimentation or observation. Systematic Method : The scientific method involves systematic processes such as hypothesis formulation, experimentation, observation, and analysis. Predictive Power : Scientific theories often provide predictions that can be tested. If predictions hold true, the theory is supported. Beliefs and Opinions : Often relies on personal beliefs, opinions, or traditions rather than empirical evidence. Lack of Reproducibility : Claims are typically not reproducible. Different individuals may experience different outcomes, making it difficult to verify consistency. Non-Falsifiability : Many claims are not falsifiable; they cannot be proven wrong or tested in a way that could show them to be false. Non-Systematic Approach : Lacks a systematic approach and is often based on anecdotal evidence or unstructured observations. Lack of Predictive Power : Typically lacks predictive power. It does not provide testable predictions about future events or phenomena. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE NON-SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

17. Environmental Protection: Scientific knowledge helps in understanding environmental issues and developing sustainable practices to mitigate negative impacts on the planet. Economic Growth: Science drives industrial and economic growth by fostering innovation, creating new industries, and improving efficiency in existing ones. Technological Advancements: Scientific discoveries lead to technological innovations that improve quality of life, including advancements in medicine, transportation, communication, and energy solutions. Health and Medicine: Scientific research has revolutionized healthcare, leading to better disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, thereby increasing life expectancy and quality of life. Influence of science on society

18. Policy and Regulation: Scientific evidence informs policy decisions and regulations, helping to address societal challenges such as climate change, public health, and safety. Education and Knowledge Science contributes to education by expanding human knowledge, fostering critical thinking, and encouraging evidence-based decision-making.. Public Perception and Acceptance: Society's perception of science and technology can affect the acceptance and implementation of scientific advancements. Public understanding and trust are crucial for the successful integration of scientific innovations. Influence of science on society

19. Examples of interaction Climate Change : Scientific research on climate change influences global policies and public awareness. Societal actions, such as regulations on emissions and investment in renewable energy, are driven by scientific findings. Medical Research : Advances in medical science, such as vaccines and treatments, improve public health. Societal support through funding and participation in clinical trials is essential for progress. Technology and Communication : Innovations in technology, such as the internet and smartphones, transform how society communicates and accesses information. Public demand and usage patterns drive further technological advancements.