GENETIC ENGINEERING.pptx

Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING By TEJASWINI L . ASAWE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SIDHHIS INSTITUTE OF PHAMACY THANE .

2. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's by manipulating its genetic material. Some genetic engineering uses the principle of recombination. Recombination is the process through which a new gene is inserted into a bacterial DNA "The plasmid". The DNA needs to be cut with an enzyme called a restriction enzyme. The restriction enzyme used must have a specific shape that allows it to move along the DNA that is to be cut. INTRODUCTION

3. The restriction enzyme looks for a specific point in the DNA sequence at which to cut the DNA. When the restriction enzyme cuts, it leaves a "Sticky end" which helps a new gene to attach at that point. Another enzyme is used to attach the new DNA segment; this is called "DNA ligase ". Genetically engineered bacterium is cultured and many new copies of the bacteria with the new gene are grown. Genetic modifications can be made to both plants and animals.

4. The genetic engineering involves change in DNA of an organism usually by Deleting Inserting Substituting Resultant (gene) DNA produce desired characteristics. Basic principle of genetic engineering

5. Ex. Desired gene from DNA Cut DNA Bacterial DNA/RNA Cut Bacterial DNA Recombine DNA With desired characteristics

6. Genetic engineering also called as genetic modification and genetic manipulation , is direct manipulation of an organisms gene using biotechnology. Ex. Consider how protein is synthesized from body. Human cell DNA Cut DNA Choose desired gene used to produce protein

7. Take bacterial cell chromosome Plasmid Cut plasmid Join DNA and plasmid Recombinant plasmid Transfer r plasmid back into bacterium Replication

8. The isolation (choose essential DNA fragment) of DNA fragment from a donor organism. The insertion of an isolated donor DNA fragment into a vector genome The growth of recombinant vector in appropriate host . Steps involved in GE

9. Production of pharmaceutical products- The recombinant DNA technology can be employed to produce human proteins that can be used for treatment of genetic diseases. Human insulin ( humulin ) is the first therapeutic produced by r DNA technology by Eli Lilly in 1980 . Shreya life sciences,pune has started producing the second generation r DNA based insulin name Recosulin . the second generation recombinant proteins ( muteins ) are produced by site directed mutagenesis and protein enginnering . Human growth hormones( hGH ) can be synthesized by genetic engineering. Alpha interferon and beta interferon were successfully produced from genetically engineered E-coli cells. The yeast saccharomyses cerevisiae is more suitable for production of recombinant interferons . Application of Genetic Engineering

10. Vaccines are another group of pharmaceutical products of r DNA technology. Recombinant vaccines may be classified as subunit recombinant vaccines, attenuated recombinant vaccines &vector recombinant vaccine. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine( subunit vaccine) is produced by cloning hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) in yeast cell. It was marketed by trade names Recombivax & Engerix – B . Transgenic plants (tomato ,potato) have been developed for expressing antigens derived from animal viruses. 2.RECOMBINANT VACCINE

11. Genetic engineering has solved the problem of diagnosis of disease by using DNA probe, monoclonal antibodies & antenatal diagnosis. DNA probes used for diagnosis of pathogens contains DNA sequence of genetic material of parasite. Monoclonal antibodies are produced against a variety of proteins, glycoprotein's, glycolipids , nucleic acid etc. These antibodies are useful in diagnosis of cancer, viral diseases, pregnancy, ABO blood groups and certain hormones. 3.Diagnosis and cure of diseases

12. Gene therapy is the process of inserting genes into cells to treat diseases. The newly introduced genes will encode proteins and correct the deficiencies that occur in genetic disease. 4.GENE THERAPY

13. Plants and animals are the best source of foods and pharmaceuticals. Crop improvement by genetic engineering helps for improvement of yield or disease resistance. Agrobacterium tumifactions can be used as a vector for transferring the desired genes into plant cells. Transgenic animals serves as good model for understanding the human diseases. Transgenesis is important for improving the quality and quantity of milk ,meat , eggs and wool production. 5.Transgenic plants and animals

14. The Golden Rice Technology A japonica variety of rice was engineered with three genes necessary for the rice grain to produce and store beta-carotene. These included two genes from the daffodil plant and a third from a bacterium. Researchers used a plant microbe to ferry in the genes into the plant cells. The incorporation of these genes allows the rice plant to modify certain metabolic pathways in its cells to produce precursors of Vitamin A, which was previously not possible. This was considered a technical milestone, as most agronomic traits engineered to date have only required the introduction of a single gene. A four-step process: EX.

15. Agrobacterium  is bacteria that uses a Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to cause tumers in plants . Agrobacterium used in biotechnology for plant improvemet . HGT is the transfer of DNA between different genomes [Pop up: A genome is the complete set of genetic material present in an organism]. HGT can occur in bacteria through transformation, conjugation and Transduction. . EX

16. Bacteria have three ways of transferring bacteria between cells: Transformation : The uptake and incorporation of external DNA into the cell thereby resulting in the alteration of the genome Conjugation : The exchange of genetic material through cell-to-cell contact of two bacterial cells. A strand of plasmid DNA is transferred to the recipient cell and the donor cell then synthesis DNA to replace the strand that was transferred to the recipient cell. Transduction : A segment of bacterial DNA is carried from one bacterial cell to another by a bacteriophage . The bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and takes up bacterial DNA. When this phage infects another cell, it transfers the bacterial DNA to the new cell. The bacteria can then become a part of the new host cell. Agrobacterium also has the ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants and is therefore commonly used in genetic engineering.  The process of using Agrobacterium for genetic engineering is illustrated in the diagram below.