Genetically Modified Crop Production.

Genetically Modified Crop is a crop whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a gene or a gene from another organism using the techniques of genetic engineering.

1. . Genetically Modified Crop Production By Md. Mainur Reja Islamic University, Bangladesh. Email: [email protected]

2. A presentation on Genetically Modified C rop Production Presented To, Shaikh Shahinur Rahman Assistant Professor, Dept. of Applied Nutrition & Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia. Presented By, Md. Mainur Reja. Session: 2014 - 15 Roll no : 1416010 , Date:30.07.2018 Dept . of Applied Nutrition & Food Technology. Islamic University, Bangladesh.

3. What is Genetically modified crop? Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.

4. History of GMCs…. The first genetically modified crop plant was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato. In 1995, Bt Potato was approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency, making it the country's first pesticide producing crop . In 2000, Vitamin A-enriched golden rice was developed. Now it is rapidly increasing GM Crops.

5. Name of some genetically modified crops

6. Selection of Plants, Breeding, I solation and Insertion of desired gene : To produce a new generation of plants. To produce crops with improved characteristics by changing their genetic makeup. The gene(s) of interest is inserted into the plasmid using recombinant DNA ( rDNA ) techniques.

7. Selection of plant : Selection of plant transformation involves demonstrating that the gene has been inserted and is inherited normally.

8. Production of genetically engineered high yield and submergene tolerance of rice varieties: Submergence tolerant high yielding rice variety was developed using BR11 in Bangladesh.

9. Golden rice Golden rice is a variety of Oryza sativa rice produced from genetic engineering. • The creation of plants that make or accumulate micronutrients • Main purpose is to provide pro-vitamin A to third world, developing, countries where malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency are common • Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can negatively affect growth and development, cause blindness, interfere with the growth of epithelial cells, and suppress the immune system • Vitamin A can be synthesized from the βcarotene found in green leafy vegetables and yellow fruits or vegetables, and it can be obtained from certain animal products (liver, egg yolk, etc. ).

10. Disadvantage of Golden Rice

11. Some Initiatives in Bangladesh : Dhaka University, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Rajshahi University (RU), Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), BARI, BRRI, and BINA have started genetic fingerprinting and genetic engineering research. • BRRI developed vitamin A-enriched Golden Rice. • BARI developed fruit and shoot borer resistant Bt brinjal . • The Department of Botany in Dhaka University started a program on plant biotechnology .

12. . Algal technology in Rice Cultivation The application of algae by scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry and agricultural production.

13. Types of Algae 1. Green Algae These forms use the green pigment chlorophyll to photosynthesize. 2. Red Algae Their red color comes from the pigments phycoerythrin and phycocyanin , which they use for photosynthesis.

14. Types of Algae 3.Brown Algae They use a different kind of chlorophyll from that used by plants to photosynthesize and often have additional pigments, such as fucoxanthin , which gives many of these organisms a brown color. 4.Cyanobacteria They are still sometimes referred to by their old name, “ blue-green algae .” They differ mainly in that they are prokaryotes , like all bacteria, but they can make their own food by photosynthesis.

15. Blue-Green Algae in rice cultivation Cyanobacteria ‘formerly known as’ Blue Green Algae Cyano = blue Bacteria – acknowledges that they are more closely related to prokaryotic bacteria than eukaryotic algae Found in marine sediments and pelagic zone, freshwater lakes, soils, Blue green algae( Cyanobacteria ) belonging to genera  Nostoc , Anabaena,  tolypothrix  and  Aulosira .

16. Why is the blue green algae Important than others ? Fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through Nitrogen Fixation.Because , atmospheric N2 is unavailable to most living organisms because breaking the triple bond is difficult. They are easily prepared on the farm but can be use only for rice cultivation when the field is flooded and do not survive in acidic field Live in extreme environments – chemically and temperature . These organisms fix  atmospheric nitrogen and supply it to plants and  most effective under low  land rice cultivation and contribute  20-30  kg N per ha per season  in submerged rice fields

17. Genetic Transformation in Wheat Genetic transformation is fundamental to wheat molecular genetics and improvement through genetic engineering. Agrobacterium -mediated transformation and microparticle bombardment are the two widely used methods for wheat genetic transformation.

18. Making nitrogen available to plants Nitrogen fixation is essential for some forms of life because inorganic nitrogen compounds are required for the biosynthesis of the basic building blocks of plants, animals and other life forms.

19.   How Do Plants Fix Nitrogen? Nitrogen fixing plants don’t pull nitrogen from the air on their own. They actually need help from a common bacteria called Rhizobium. The bacteria converts this nitrogen gas and then stores it in the roots of the plant. When the plant stores the nitrogen in the roots, it produces a lump on the root called a nitrogen nodule.

20. Is it safe to eat GM crops? Yes . There is no evidence that a crop is dangerous to eat just because it is GM. There has been no evidence of ill effects linked to the consumption of any approved GM crop.  Before any food produced using GM technology is permitted onto the market, a variety of tests have to be completed. The results from these tests, including results from animal feeding trials, are considered by the authorities responsible for determining the safety of each new GM product.

21. Food safety assessment principles of GM foods The codex safety assessment principle for GM foods require investigation of : - Direct health effects (toxicity ). - Tendency to provoke allergic reaction ( allergenicity ). - specific components for to have nutritional or toxic properties. - The stability of the inserted gene. - Nutritional effects associated with the specific genetic modification. - Any unintended effects which could result from the gene insertion.

22. .

23. Reference: Ref : Meenakshi Paul, Biotechnology & Food Processing Mechanics, 2007. Gene Tech Books. Page: (224 – 228). https :// www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/nitrogen-nodules-and-nitrogen-fixing-plants.htm https :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation http :// www.nature.com/articles/hdy200890 www.slideshare.com/genetically modified crops