GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS

Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant's genome, giving it new or different characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLES
CONCLUSION

1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS

2. Introduction: Genetically modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant's genome, giving it new or different characteristics . In 1996, Genetically Modified (GM) Crops were grown in 6 countries . In 2009, the number of countries using GM crops increased to 25.  The year 2019 marks the 24th year of commercialization of biotech crops, and the number of countries using GM crops had increased to 29.

3. What is the Purpose of Genetically Modified Crops? The multiple purposes behind genetically modified crops are listed below. Higher yields Enhanced nutritional value Longer shelf life Increase resistance to droughts Increase resistance to insects, pests. Increased resistance to herbicides.

4. Global GM crop cultivation The top five GM growing countries are USA (top producer of biotech crops) Brazil (second position) Argentina India Canada  These countries together account for approximately 90% area of the GM cultivation. Soybean, maize, cotton and canola with herbicide tolerance and insect resistance are the major GM crops grown around the world

5. Impact of GM crops In the period of 23 years (1996-2018), about 17 million farmers, mostly from developing countries, adopted biotech crops, which in turn improved their socio-economic status.  Apart from the economic benefits, usage of GM crops has also contributed to  food security,  sustainable development, and climate change mitigation. Those benefits are: It increased crop productivity by 822 million tons; Conserving biodiversity by saving 231 million hectares of land. Adaptation of GM crops has provided a safer environment by saving 776 million kg of pesticides from being released into the environment . GM crops have been helpful in reducing CO2 also.

6. Some examples of GM-modified crops  Genetically modified cotton – This has been approved in India along with 9 other nations. Genetically modified Canola – Used as cooking oil, emulsifier in packaged foods.

7. Genetically Modified Corn that are resistant to larval pests & used as animal feed, high-fructose. Genetically modified soybeans that are resistant to weed-killers like Roundup.

8. Advantages of Genetically Modified Crops The benefits experienced by the developed world by usage of GM crops are: Higher crop yields Reduced farm costs Increased farm profit Safer environment More nutritious food  FIRST GENERATION FEATURES: Lower farm-level production costs & herbicides.   SECOND GENERATION FEATURES : include increased nutritional and/or industrial traits.  These crops have more direct benefits to consumers. 

9. Examples of commercialized second generation crops include  Non-browning apples Non-bruising and low acrylamide potatoes Healthier oils from soybean and canola Other GM crops in the research and/or regulatory pipeline include: Rice enriched with iron, vitamin A and E, and lysine Potatoes with higher starch content, and insulin Insect resistant eggplant Edible vaccines in maize, banana, and potatoes Locations that are originally not suitable Easier to transport

10. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Crops Allergies , other anti-nutritional factors in foods Resistance to antibiotics Cancer It can be dangerous to other insects that are important to our ecosystem. Damage the environment . C auses unwanted residual effects . Outcrossing May effect animal protein.

11. Genetically modified corn ( Maize)

12. INTRODUCTION: Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States, and most of it is GMO. Most GMO corn is  created to resist insect pests or tolerate herbicides. Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques .

13. Bt maize Bacillus thuringiensis   is a soil bacterium that can be found in many locations around the word . This bacterium has the ability to produce crystal proteins (Cry proteins), which selectivity destroy specific groups of insects . The Cry proteins are stomach poisons, which must be ingested to kill a certain insect. Once eaten, the insect's digestive enzymes convert the protein into its toxic form, resulting in intestinal cell rupture and death. Bt corn is genetically modified to contain the Cry proteins . Although insecticides are often used, their action has proved to be inconsistent or ineffective within the agricultural industry . Bt insecticides have shown to be sensitive to UV radiation and heat, as well as applied with incomplete coverage, and reduced toxicity to older larvae .

14. Process:

15. GENETICALLY MODIFIED COTTON PLANT :

16. COTTON :

17. BT cotton : Bt cotton is a genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produce an insecticide to combat bollworm Cotton is genetically engineered to produce a toxin that kills the bollworm, one of cotton’s primary pests. This pest-resistant cotton is engineered with a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thurengiensis or “Bt,” and is called Bt cotton.

18. Advantages: With GMO cotton, it’s all about designer genes. By inserting Bt into the genetic makeup of cotton, it allows the plant to fight off pests while allowing farmers to use less pesticide on their fields . Genetically modified cotton  was commercially introduced in the United States in 1995, and adoption rates grew dramatically in the following years. Since 2000, genetically altered seeds have accounted for the bulk of cotton acres, rising from 61 percent in 2000 to 96 percent in 2020. During this time, the percentage of cotton acres planted with individual HT or BT traits decreased as growers shifted to stacked cultivars that carried both traits.

19. DISADVANTAGES: In the year 2000, approximately 26% of total cotton acres were HT exclusively, 15% were BT solely, and 20% used stacked seeds. By 2020, 8% of acres would be HT-only, 5% would be BT-only, and 83 percent would employ stacked seeds. Besides the above advantages,  genetically modified cotton disadvantages  still exist Reduced insecticide use with  genetically modified cotton  has allowed secondary pests that aren’t targeted by the GM proteins to fill the void left by lepidopterans. In addition, because GM cotton can endure a larger variety of environmental circumstances than wild cotton, there is a possibility of regional overlap and gene transfer via ‘volunteer’ plants.

20. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREE This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA .

21. PURPOSE TO introduced a novel trait to the plant which does not occur naturally within the species . INTRODUCTION Genetically modified tree (GMt, GEtree, genetically engineered tree, GEtree, or transgenic tree) is a tree whose DNA has been modified using gentic engineering techniques. several genetic modified forests tree species are undergoing field trials for deregulation ,and much of research is being carried out by the pulp and paper industry ,primarily with the intention of increasing the productivity of existing tree stock .

22. G E N E T I C A L L Y M O D I F I E D T R E E M E T H O D Genes are introduced to or removed from crops or trees that have undergone genetic engineering utilizing methods that originally included gene guns, electroporation, microinjection, and agrobacterium. Gene Guns : Target genes are "shot" (directed high energy particles or radiations against plant cells using gene guns, sometimes referred to as biolistics. It is the most typical approach. DNA is attached to minute gold or t u n g s t e n p a r t i c l e s , w h i c h a r e t h e n f i r e d u nd e r h i g h p r e ss u r e i n t o p l a n t t i ss u e o r i n d iv i d u a l p l a n t c e ll s . Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation: Many cultivated crops, especially monocots like wheat or maize, for which transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been less effective, have been successfully transformed using this approach. T-DNA is transferred to an undetermined location in the plant genome w h en A g r o b a c te r i u m i n f e c ts a p l a n t.

23. In genetic engineering, the desired foreign gene i s su b s t i t u t e d fo r t h e ba c t e r i al T -D N A i n t h e ba c t e r i al p l as m i d. T h e ba c t e r i a s e r v e as a v e ct o r to introduce foreign genes into plants. E l e c t r opo r a t i on : W h e n p l a n t t i ss u e l a c k s c e l l w a ll s, e l e ct r o p o ra t i o n i s p e rf o r m e d. DNA enters plant cells using this method through tiny pores that are momentarily created by electric pulses. Foreign DNA can be injected into cells directly using microinjection.

24. ADVANTAGES Quicker growth. In Brazil, there were trials of growing GM eucalyptus, where trees grew 40% faster with 20-30% more mass than conventional eucalyptus. Resistance to disease. The English elm is being genetically modified to improve its resistance to Dutch elm disease so it can be reintroduced into the wild. It has been successfully grown in Scotland. B e tt e r f o r e st m a n a g eme n t . DISADVANTAGES The long term effects of GM trees on ecosystem is unknown . There are concerns of the escape of modified genes into natural ecosystem. Rapid growth could cause shorter ,more intensive rotations ,resulting in greater water demand.

25. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TOMATO This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY .

26. INTRODUCTION The Genetically Modified Tomatoes, also known as the Transgenic Tomatoes or "Flavr Savr", is a tomatoes who's genes has been altered by using genetic engineering to create tomatoes with longer shell life. These tomatoes consist of having a longer length of time of being stored before it becomes unfit for the consumptions of organisms.  The tomatoes where the first organisms to being modified through their genes and a gateway to many further discoveries done to other organisms as well. 

27. HOW THEY ARE MADE The transgenic tomatoes are made by having a gene from Escherichia coil, a bacteria found commonly in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms which occurs naturally in the mammalian gut, interfere with the FLAVR SAVR gene, a genre from a tomato in charge of when the tomato rotten. These two genes are then inserted into a plasmids , a circular ring of DNA found in the tomato, and inserted into the tomato cells. This will then produce a substance in the cells called APH II that supports the tomato with a cell resistance antibiotic. This antibiotic will kill all the cells that did not receive the plasmids with the two genes thus leaving the whole tomato genetically modified. Later on, the antisense (or E coil) gene interferes with the production of enzyme polygalacturonase, an enzyme responsible for the cell walls and the softening of the tomato, "canceling each other" and deactivating the production of these enzymes and the softening of the tomato. 

28. ADVANTAGES They are higher amounts of antioxidants and are and are more flavorful than store tomatoes. Also have thousands of tomato varieties  to choose from of different shapes , size,colours,andflavor  profiles which you can not find anywhere in the supermarket. Increase crop productivity. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND .

29. DISADVANTAGES The only obvious disadvantage of the flavr savr tomato is that it contents a gene, which codes for an antibiotic resistance referring to Kanamycin.  The insertion of this gene was due to the differentiation of normal cells and wasn’t removed after the transfer. Cost of  cultivation is increased.

30. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the GMOs have an admirable technical advantage over their natural counterparts, including the possibility of curing hunger in developing countries, and even now represent few health problems for humans, they are far from being perfect also, their process of development and the ways in which their implementation is carried out today is not the most preferable , both because they still represent a small risk to human health and the environment. It is not possible to make a global generalization in health.