Genghis khan

genghis khan

1. GENGHIS KHAN:
GREATEST EMPIRE
BUILDER

2. Jeet Patel , Arnav Jain,
Ayushi Bucha
2 , 3 , 7
11-G
History
Genghis Khan “The Greatest Empire Builder”

4. I
N
D
E
X


❖INTRODUCTION
❖SONS OF GENGHIS KHAN
❖CHRONOLOGY
❖BIOGRAPHY OF MONGOLS
❖EARLY LIFE OF MONGOLS
❖EARLY LIFE OF GENGHIS KHAN
❖EXPANSION DURING 13th CENTURY
❖EXPANSION OF MONGOL EMPIRE ( 1206-1294 )
❖ORGANISATION OF EMPIRE
❖YASA “ORAL LAW CODE”
❖IMPACT ON MONGOL EMPIRE AFTER DEATH GREAT KHAN
❖DEATH OF GENGHIS KHAN
❖FAMOUS QUOTES
❖LEADERSHIP LESSONS
❖CONCLUSION
❖BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. Genghis Khan was the founder
and first Great Khan of the
Mongol Empire, which became
the largest contiguous empire in
history after his death. He came
to power by uniting many of the
nomadic tribes of the Mongol
steppe and being proclaimed the
universal ruler of the Mongols,
or Genghis Khan.

~ I am the punishment of God... If
you had not committed great sins, God
would not have sent a punishment like
me upon you.
INTRODUCTION

7. SONS OF GENGHIS KHAN
JOCHI KHAN
Jochi Khan was a Mongol army commander who was the eldest son of Temüjin, and
presumably one of the four sons by his principal wife Börte, though issues concerning his
paternity followed him throughout his life
CHAGATAI KHAN
Chagatai Khan was the second son of Genghis Khan and Börte. He inherited most of
what are now five Central Asian states after the death of his father
OGEDEI KHAN
Ögedei Khan was the third son of Genghis Khan and second khagan-emperor of the
Mongol Empire, succeeding his father
TOLUY KHAN
Tolui was a Mongol khan, the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun,
Börte. At his father's death in 1227, his ulus, or territorial inheritance, was the
Mongol homelands on the Mongolian Plateau
兒
子
們

8. CHRONOLOGY
按
时
间
顺
序



1167
1174
1181
1185
1187
1198
1196
1199
1202
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1209
1211
1215
1219
1220
1226
1227

Birth of Temüjin
Betrothed to Börte
Rescues wife from Merkits
Breaks with Jamuqa
Defeated by Jamuqa in major battle
Joins Toghril in combined attack with Jin against Tatars
Temüjin saves Wang-khan after betrayal
First major battle between Temüjin and Jamuqa's alliance
Defeat and slaughter of Tatars
Wang-khan breaks with Temüjin and gives command to Jamuqa
Temüjin defeats Kereits
Defeat of Naiman
Jamuqa killed
Temüjin proclaimed "Genghis Khan," ruler of all Mongols
First raid on Xi Xia
Xi Xia submits
First invasion of lin China
Conquest and destruction of Zhongdu
Invasion of Khwarazm
Bukhara and Samarkand fall and are destroyed
Final campaign against Xi Xia
Genghis Khan dies

9. BIOGRAPHY OF MONGOLS
Mongol, Member of a Central Asian ethnographic group originally
from the Mongolian Plateau. In the 10th–12th century CE the Khitan
(see Liao dynasty), Juchen ( Jin dynasty), and Tatars ruled in Mongolia,
but Mongol power was greatest in the 13th century, when Genghis
Khan, his sons (Ögödei) and his grandsons Batu came into power ,
when Mongol-controlled China ,and by the 15th–16th century only a
loose federation existed. Today the plateau is divided between Mongolia
and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Mongol people
also live in Siberia, southwestern Russia, and various Chinese provinces
and autonomous regions, Tibet, Liaoning, Jilin and Gansu. The culture
of the Mongol people is manifested in their rich varieties of art and
performance, such as throat singing and traditional music played on the
morin khuur.

10. EARLY LIFE OF MONGOLS
●POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Mongols form the bulk of the population of independent Mongolia, and they constitute about
one-sixth of the population in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Elsewhere in China
there are enclaves of Mongols in Qinghai province and Tibet and in the Northeast (Liaoning,
Jilin, and provinces), and there are groups in Russia’s Siberia. All these populations speak
dialects of the Mongol language.
●LIFESTYLE AND LIVELIHOOD
The Mongol social structure, economy, culture, and language showed
very little change over many centuries. They were basically nomadic
pastoralists who were superb horsemen and traveled with their flocks
of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses over the immense grasslands of the
steppes of Central Asia
●FAMILY TRADITION AND CLANS
Traditional Mongol society was based on the family, the clan, and the tribe, with clan names
derived from those of common male ancestors. As clans emerged, the tribal name was taken from
that of the strongest clan. In periods of tribal unity, khans (Mongol monarchs) assigned
commanders to territories from which troops and revenues were gathered
早
期
生
活

11. EARLY LIFE OF GENGHIS KHAN
➢Temüjin was the first son of Hoelun, second wife of his father Yesügei, who was the chief
of the Borjigin clan in the nomadic Khamag Mongol confederation and an ally of the
Kereyits tribe.
➢Temüjin was related on his father's side to Khabul Khan, Ambaghai, and Hotula Khan,
who had headed the Khamag Mongol confederation and were descendants of Bodonchar
Munkhag (c. 900),while his mother Hoelun was from the Olkhunut sub-lineage of the
Khongirad tribe.
➢Temüjin's noble background made it easier for him, later in life, to solicit help from and
eventually consolidate the other Mongol tribes.There is considerable uncertainty
surrounding both the date and location of Temüjin's birth, with historical accounts
assigning dates of birth ranging from 1155 to 1182 and a wide variety of possible birth
locations.
➢Modern historical studies have largely attested the 1162 date presented by the Chinese history
as the most realistic..The location of Temüjin's birth largely shrouded in mystery, with a wide
range of locations proposed, many in the vicinity of the mountain Burkhan Khaldun. One
such location is Delüün Boldog, which lies near the rivers Onon and Kherlen.
早
期
生
活

12. Jamuqa, the demonic angel of Genghis Khan
Before the peak of the Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan's conquests, he
had a blood brother, his name was Jamuqa, and the two would be so close
they were blood brothers. Jamuqa helped Genghis Khan recover his
kidnapped wife. He fought with Genghis Khan against a rival tribal
confederation.He became an hostile foe later , Genghis khan had to
vanquish him later
賈
木
加

13. EXPANSION DURING 13 CENTURY
th
1206
1219
1223
1227
1237
1259
1279
1294
●Central Asia
●West Asia
●East Asia
● North Asia
● Eastern Europe
● Central Europe
● South Asia
● Southeast Asia

14. ➢The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries,
creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire, which by 1300 covered large
parts of Eurasia.

➢Genghis Khan forged the initial Mongol Empire in Central Asia, starting with the unification of
the nomadic tribes Merkits, Tatars, Keraites, Turks, Naimans and Mongols.


➢The Mongols conquered, the areas of present-day Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus, and parts of Syria
and Turkey, with further Mongol raids reaching southwards into Palestine.

Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–94
擴
張

15. ➢After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of
central Asia and China. His descendants expanded the empire even further, advancing to such
far-off places as Poland, Vietnam, Syria and Korea.

➢The Mongol Empire launched several invasions into the Indian subcontinent. The
Mongols occupied parts of Punjab region for decades. However, they failed to penetrate
past the outskirts of Delhi and were repelled from the interior of India.

➢The Mongol invasions of Vietnam and Java resulted in defeat for the Mongols, although
much of Southeast Asia agreed to pay tribute to avoid further bloodshed.
➢Genghis Khan and his descendants launched progressive invasions of China,
subjugating the Hsi Hsia in 1209 before destroying them in 1227, defeating the Jurchen
dynasty in 1234 and defeating the Sung dynasty in 1279.

16. ORGANISATION OF EMPIRE

MILITARY ORGANISATION
The unification of the different Mongol tribes and subsequent campaigns against diverse
people introduced , undifferentiated body into an incredibly heterogeneous mass of people
Genghis Khan revolutionized his military by incorporating the decimal system in his army.
He arranged his army into arbans (inter-ethnic groups of ten), and the members of an
arban were commanded to be loyal to one another regardless of ethnic origin. The military
units sizes were based on factors of 10: arbans (10 people), zuuns (100), Mingghans (1000)
and tumens (10,000). This decimal system organization of Genghis Khan's strong military
proved very effective in conquering, strengthened Mongol society as a whole.
The new military contingents were required to serve under his four sons and
specially chosen captains of his army units called noyan. Also important within the
new realm were a band of followers who had served Genghis Khan loyally through
grave adversity for many years. Genghis Khan publicly honoured some of these
individuals as his ‘blood brothers’ (anda); yet others, freemen of a humbler rank,
were given special ranking as his bondsmen (naukar).
SOCIAL ORGANISATION

17. POLITICAL ORGANISATION

Genghis Khan assigned the responsibility of governing the newly-conquered people to his four
sons. These comprised the four ulus. For example,

●the eldest son, Jochi, received the Russian steppes but the farthest extent of his territory,
ulus, was indeterminate: it extended as far west as his horses could roam.
●The second son, Chaghatai, was given the Transoxania steppe and lands north of the
Pamir mountains adjacent to those of his brother. Presumably, these lands would shift as
Jochi marched westward.
● Genghis Khan had indicated that his third son, Ogodei, would succeed him as the Great
Khan and on accession the Prince established his capital at Karakorum.
●The youngest son, Toluy, received the ancestral lands of Mongolia.

Genghis Khan envisaged that his sons would rule the empire collectively, and to underline this
point, military contingents (tama) of the individual princes were placed in each ulus. The sense
of a dominion shared by the members of the family was underlined at the assembly of chieftains,
quriltai, where all decisions relating to the family or the state for the forthcoming season –
campaigns, distribution of plunder, pasture lands and succession – were collectively taken

18. ECONOMIC ORGANISATION
COURIER SYSTEM
●Genghis Khan had already fashioned a rapid courier system that
connected the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and
despatch riders were placed in outposts at regularly spaced
distances.
● For the maintenance of the system Mongol nomads contributed
a tenth of their herd – either horses or livestock – as provisions.
This was called the qubcur tax, a levy that the nomads paid
willingly for the multiple benefits that it brought
●The system was a prominent factor in rise of the Mongol empire


SILK ROUTE
●Commerce and travel along the Silk Route reached its peak
under the Mongols
●In the Mongol regime the travellers were given a pass for
safe conduct called gerege .
●Traders paid the baj tax for the same purpose, all
acknowledging thereby the authority of the Mongol Khan.
The contradictions between

19. I.Yasa include cultural and lifestyle conventions. By keeping the Yasa secret, the
decrees could be modified and used selectively. It is believed that the Yasa was
supervised by Genghis Khan himself and his stepbrother Shikhikhuta.
Genghis Khan appointed his second son, Chagatai to oversee the laws'
execution.

II.They could protect their identity and distinctiveness was through a claim to a
sacred law given to them by their ancestor. The Yasa was in all probability a
compilation of the customary traditions of the Mongol tribes,gave them the
confidence to retain their ethnic identity and impose their ‘laasa, {Yasaq,
Jazag, Zasag, Mongolian} was the oral law code of the Mongols declared in
public in Bukhara by Genghis Khan ,the "law" was kept secret and never made
public. The Yasa seems to have its origin as wartime decrees, which were later
codified and expanded to inw’ upon their defeated subjects. Genghis Khan m
inspired by his vision and was vital in the construction of a Mongol universal
dominion.
???????????????????????? : ORAL LAW CODE
亞
薩

20. IMPACT ON MONGOL EMPIRE
AFTER DEATH OF GREAT KHAN
➢Ögedei, Genghis Khan’s third son, took over from his father and ruled the Mongol Empire from 1227
CE-1241 CE. One of his most important contributions to the empire was his conquest of Eastern
Europe
➢Conquests involved invasions of Russia, Hungary, Volga Bulgaria, Poland, Over the course of four
years (1237–1241), the Mongols quickly overtook most of the major eastern European cities, only
sparing Novgorod and Pskov.
➢The Mongols had acquired Chinese gunpowder, which they deployed in battle during the invasion of
Europe to great success, in the form of bombs hurled via catapults
➢Ögedei Khan ordered his nephew (and grandson of Genghis Khan) Batu Khan to conquer Russia in
1235.
➢The Mongols continued to invade Central Europe with three armies. One army defeated the fragmented
Poland at the Battle of Legnica in 1241.
➢While the Mongol armies were fighting in Hungary and Croatia, they also pushed their forces into Austria,
Dalmatia, and Moravia. Where they found local resistance, they ruthlessly killed the population. Where the
locale offered no resistance, they forced the men into servitude in the Mongol army
影
响

21. He died on August 18, 1227, at the age of 65. But there are a plethora of mysteries
surrounding the death of Genghis Khan.There are many stories for death of “The
Great Khan” such stories are listed below:

One story suggests that he died from injuries sustained after falling from his horse.

Another story suggests he succumbed to blood loss after being castrated by a
Tangut princess.

The most widespread one is that he died while putting down a revolt in the Chinese
kingdom of Xi Xia empire.

DEATH OF GENGHIS KHAN

死
亡

22. FAMOUS QUOTES
"If you had not committed great sins, God would not have sent a
punishment like me upon you." ~ Genghis Khan
By Genghis Khan
"Conquering the world on horseback is easy; it is dismounting and
governing that is hard." ~ Genghis Khan
"A leader can never be happy until his people are happy." ~
Genghis Khan
"With Heaven's aid I have conquered for you a huge empire. But
my life was too short to achieve the conquest of the world. That
task is left for you" ~ Genghis Khan
➢“One arrow alone can be easily broken but many arrows are
indestructible.” -Genghis Khan
➢
➢
➢
➢
名
言

23. "Be of one mind and one faith, that you may conquer your enemies and lead long
and happy lives." ~ Genghis Khan
"Just as God gave different fingers to the hand so has He given different ways to
men." ~ Genghis Khan
"The strength of walls depends on the courage of those who guard them." ~
Genghis Khan
"A man's greatest work is to break his enemies, to drive them before him, to
take from them all the things that have been theirs, to hear the weeping of
those who cherished them, to take their horses between his knees and to press
in his arms the most desirable of their women." ~ Genghis Khan
“Remember, you have no companions but your shadow.” -Genghis Khan
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢

24. LEADERSHIP LESSONS
FROM THE LIFE OF GENGHIS KHAN
➢These are the most important leadership traits and qualities of Genghis Khan:
●He was intelligent
He recognized the significance of commerce and crafts to the Mongols' economic existence
and actively fostered both.He promoted religious tolerance across the Mongol Empire. He
established the Yam, one of the earliest worldwide postal networks.Official riders might go
up to 125 miles per day on average, thanks to relay stations supplied with food, lodging,
and extra horses.
●He adopted technology
with the help of the defecting Chinese engineers, his generals learned to construct
catapults and battering rams, the implements of siege warfare, and overcome the most
significant artificial impediment at the time.
領
導
力
課
程

25. ●He was a conqueror
He hunted to feed his family and had to murder his half-brother when he refused to share
the spoils of a hunt. He was enslaved by a neighboring tribe but escaped. After his wife
Borte was abducted, he planned a daring rescue mission.These difficulties would have
put immense strain on him and his family before he reached the age of 20. The tough
beginnings of his childhood in the Mongolian steppe regions endowed him with both
insurmountable obstacles and a tremendous will to conquer.
●He was an explorer
He did not drive away enemy tribes' armies and forsake their
citizens after he vanquished them.Instead, he took over the
vanquished tribe and incorporated its people into his group. His
mother would even adopt orphans from the vanquished tribe,
bringing them into his household.“Men are loyal only to a great
leader,” he said, and “I cared only about the power in a man’s heart;
a warrior does not win a fight by birth.”To reduce the old reasons for
tribal violence, he established the Yassa rule, which aimed at
obedience, the unification of nomad tribes, and the ruthless
punishment of misbehavior.

26. CONCLUSION
●Genghis Khan was a unifier as well as a ruler. As a result of his ambition,
he constructed an empire that stretched from Korea to Western Russia
in the north and from Burma to Iraq in the south, paving the way from
the east to the west.

●Even though he was renowned as a brutal conqueror, Genghis Khan was
a charismatic leader in terms of leadership. He was quite explicit about
his remarkable ability to use the appropriate individuals.

●His strategic and organizational abilities resulted in one of history’s
most disciplined armies.

●Genghis Khan’s legacy still lives on far after his death, and he will always
go down in history for the remarkable contributions he made to the
modern
结
论

27. BIBLIOGRAPHY
●Lumenlearning.com
●britannica.com
●livescience.com
●history.co.uk
●techrepublic.com

来
源