Genome Sequencing

This is an PPT about Genome Sequencing.

1. BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA, JAIPUR CAMPUS TOPIC:-GENOME SEQUENCING NAME:- TARUN TIWARI ROLL NO.:- MCA/25007/18 CLASS:- MCA 2 nd SEM.

2. What is Genome Sequencing? Gnome: One complete set of genetic information (total amount of DNA) from a haploid set of chromosomes of a single cell in eukaryotes, in a single chromosome in bacteria, or in the DNA or RNA of viruses. “The whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA” In cytogenetic genome means a single set of chromosomes. It is denoted by x. Genome depends on the number of ploidy of organism. In Drosophila melanogaster (2n = 2x = 8); genome x = 4. In hexaploidy Triticum aestival (2n = 6x = 42); genome x = 7.

3. The genome is found inside every cell, and in those that have nucleus, the genome is situated inside the nucleus. Specifically, it is all the DNA in an organelle. The term genome was introduced by H. Winkler in 1920 to denote the complete set of chromosomal and extra chromosomal genes present in an organism, including a virus.

4. HOW MANY TYPES OF GENOMES ARE ? Nuclear Genomes Mitochondrial Genomes Chloroplast Genomes Prokaryotic Genomes Eukaryotic Genomes How is Genomics different from Genetics ? Genetics as the study of inheritance and genomics as the study of genomes. –Genetics looks at single genes, one at a time, like a picture or snapshot. –Genomics looks at the big picture and examines all the genes as an entire system.

5. GENOME SEQUENCING Genome sequencing is the technique that allows researchers to read the genetic information found in the DNA of anything from bacteria to plants to animals. Sequencing involves determining the order of bases , the nucleotide subunits- adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C) and thymine(T), found in DNA. Genome sequencing is figuring out the order of DNA nucleotides .

6. Break genome into smaller fragments Sequence those smaller pieces Piece the sequences of the short fragments together STEPS IN GENOME SEQUENCING

7. DNA SEQUENCING APPROACHES 1. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing -Useful for sequencing genomes of higher vertebrates that contain repetitive sequences 2. Whole genome Shotgun Sequencing -Useful for smaller genomes

8. The method preferred by the Human Genome Project is the  hierarchical shotgun sequencing method . • Also known as – The Clone-by-Clone Strategy – the map-based method – map first, sequence later    – top-down sequencing Human Genome Project adopted a map-based strategy – Start with well-defined physical map – Produce shortest tiling path for large-insert clones – Assemble the sequence for each clone – Then assemble the entire sequence, based on the physical map 1. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing

9. 2. WHOLE GENOME SHOTGUN SEQUENCING The shotgun-sequencing strategy, first proposed by Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and Leroy Hood in 1996, bypasses the mapping stage and goes right to the sequencing stage. This method was employed by Celera Genomics, which was a private entity that was trying to mono- polise the human genome sequence by patenting it, to do this they had to try and beat the publicly funded project. Whole genome shotgun sequencing was therefore adopted by them.

10. NEW TECHNOLOGIES A high-priority goal at the beginning of the Human Genome Project was to develop new mapping and sequencing technologies AUTOMATED SEQUENCERS Perhaps the most important contribution to largescale sequencing was the development of automated sequencers Most use Sanger sequencing method Fluorescently labelled reaction products Capillary electrophoresis for separation

11. Automated sequencers: ABI 3700 MegaBACE ABI 3700

12. Automatic gel reading Computer image of sequence read by automated sequencer

13. Genome sequencing achievement in Bangladesh Genome sequencing of Macrophomina phaseolina - Macrophomina phaseolina  is a  soil and seed borne fungus - it can infect more than 500 cultivated and wild plant species. Genome sequencing of Jute - The country first time in world decoded the jute genome. - Jute  was  called  the  Golden Fiber of Bangladesh as  Bangladesh was the largest jute production country of the  world. 

14. Anticipated Benefits of Genome Research Molecular Medicine • improve diagnosis of disease Agriculture, Livestock Breeding • grow disease-, insect-, and drought-resistant crops

15. REFERENCES • Weaver RF 2005. Molecular Biology. McGraw-Hill International edition, NY. • Gardner EJ, MJ Simmons and DP Snus tad 1991. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc, NY. • Gupta, P.K. 2007. Genetics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut

16. Thank You