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smarttvtejas730 5 views 10 slides Oct 22, 2025
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๐Ÿงญ Slide 1: Title Slide

Title: เด•เต‡เดฐเดณเดตเตเด‚ เด›เดคเตเดคเต€เดธเตเด—เดกเตเด‚ โ€“ เดชเตเดฐเด•เตƒเดคเดฟเดฏเตเด‚ เดธเดพเด‚เดธเตเด•เดพเดฐเดฟเด•เดตเตเด‚
Subtitle: (Kerala & Chhattisgarh โ€“ Nature and Culture)
Prepared by: People IG, Class 10

Detailed Description:

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Slide Content

Geography Alternative Individual Project Powering India: Hydroelectric Power Plants in Kerala and Chhattisgarh A Geography AIP by Arjun AL , Fion Sherleaker and Dominic Iype (Class X-B1, Loyola School)

Understanding Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric power is the process of generating electricity using the force of moving water. It is one of the oldest and cleanest forms of renewable energy , converting the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into electrical power. India, being blessed with numerous rivers and abundant monsoon rainfall, has enormous potential for hydroelectric generation. With over 4,000 rivers flowing across diverse terrains, the country can harness water power throughout the year. Hydroelectricity plays a vital role in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and lowering harmful carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Kerala and Chhattisgarh, though geographically different, both utilise their river systems strategically to generate power and support local industries, agriculture, and domestic consumption.

Principle of Working The working of a hydroelectric plant is based on the fundamental principle of energy conversion โ€” transforming the potential energy of stored water at height into useful electrical energy. Water Storage Water is stored in a reservoir behind the dam at an elevated level, creating potential energy Controlled Release Water is released through a large pipe called a penstock , gaining speed as it descends Mechanical Conversion High-pressure water strikes the turbine blades, causing them to rotate at high speed Power Generation The spinning turbine drives a generator, which converts mechanical motion into electricity This electricity is then transmitted through high-voltage power lines to reach homes, schools, and industries. Control gates manage water flow to maintain steady power generation levels throughout the year, even during dry seasons.

Physical Structure of a Hydroelectric Power Plant Dam A massive concrete or earth barrier built across a river to create a reservoir and store large volumes of water Reservoir An artificial lake formed behind the dam that stores water and maintains continuous flow for power generation Penstock A large steel pipeline that carries water from the reservoir down to the turbine at high pressure Turbine A wheel with curved blades that rotates when struck by flowing water, converting water energy into rotational motion Generator An electromagnetic device connected to the turbine that converts mechanical rotation into electrical energy Powerhouse The reinforced building at the dam base where turbines, generators, and control equipment are securely installed Transmission Lines High-voltage cables supported by towers that carry the generated electricity across long distances to various regions

Hydroelectric Power in Kerala Kerala's hilly terrain in the Western Ghats and heavy monsoon rainfall (averaging 3,000 mm annually) make it exceptionally suitable for hydroelectric projects. The state's rivers originate from high-altitude mountains, providing ideal conditions for dam construction. Idukki Dam Built on Periyar River โ€” Asia's largest arch dam at 168.91 metres height Sabarigiri Project Constructed on Pamba River โ€” Kerala's second-largest hydel facility Idamalayar Dam On Periyar tributary โ€” vital for both power supply and irrigation networks Kuttiyadi & Pamba District-level projects ensuring reliable electricity distribution Together, these strategic projects generate over 70% of Kerala's renewable power , producing approximately 2,000 MW. They also support irrigation, flood management, and eco-tourism, making hydropower absolutely vital for the state's sustainable economy.

Hydroelectric Power in Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh is blessed with numerous perennial rivers including Mahanadi, Hasdeo, Indravati, and Sheonath. Though the state has predominantly flatter terrain compared to Kerala's mountains, several large-scale dams have been strategically developed to generate substantial power and provide extensive irrigation facilities. Hasdeo Bango Dam Built on Hasdeo River โ€” the largest and most powerful dam in Chhattisgarh, generating 120 MW Dudhawa Dam Constructed on Mahanadi โ€” critically supports both power generation and agricultural irrigation systems Gangrel Dam On Mahanadi River โ€” popularly known as the "Lifeline of Dhamtari" district due to its multiple benefits Murrum Silli Dam Built on Sondur River โ€” one of India's oldest multiple-arch dams, a marvel of engineering These dams collectively provide not only hydroelectricity (over 500 MW capacity) but also ensure water availability for irrigation of thousands of hectares, assist in flood control during monsoons, and support the state's agricultural backbone.

Comparison: Kerala vs Chhattisgarh Kerala Location: Mountainous Western Ghats region with steep valleys Rainfall: Heavy monsoon (3,000+ mm annually) Capacity: Large reservoir capacity with consistent generation Technology: Compact but technologically advanced systems Power Output: ~2,000 MW from multiple projects Chhattisgarh Location: Plains and plateaus with gentle river slopes Rainfall: Moderate rainfall (1,200-1,400 mm annually) Capacity: Generation varies significantly with seasons Technology: Extensive area coverage with larger reservoirs Power Output: ~500 MW with agricultural focus Installed Capacity (MW) Number of Major Dams

Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Clean & Renewable Does not produce harmful greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution, making it environmentally friendly and sustainable for generations Multiple Benefits Provides flood control during heavy rains, irrigation water for agriculture, and domestic water supply to nearby communities Economic Growth Reservoirs become attractive sources of fisheries, water sports, and tourism, generating additional revenue and employment Cost-Effective Once constructed, hydropower plants have operational lifespans of 50-100 years with minimal running and maintenance costs Employment Creates thousands of direct and indirect jobs in construction, operation, maintenance, and supporting local businesses Reliable Supply Provides consistent baseload power and can quickly respond to electricity demand changes, unlike solar or wind energy

Disadvantages and Environmental Impact Land Submersion Building large dams requires flooding vast areas of fertile land, leading to permanent loss of forests, agricultural fields, and wildlife habitats Human Displacement Often results in forced relocation of thousands of local people from their ancestral homes, disrupting livelihoods and cultural heritage Silt Accumulation Sediment deposition in reservoirs gradually reduces water storage capacity and turbine efficiency over decades Ecological Disruption Natural river flow is altered, affecting fish migration, breeding patterns, and downstream ecosystems that depend on seasonal flooding Regional Challenges: Chhattisgarh has faced significant deforestation near dam construction areas, while Kerala has struggled with increased landslides and soil erosion due to heavy rainfall near reservoir zones in the fragile Western Ghats.

Future of Hydroelectric Power in India India has set an ambitious target to expand its renewable energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030 . Within this framework, hydroelectric power continues to play a crucial strategic role, with innovation focusing on sustainability and minimal environmental impact. 1 Small Hydel Projects Mini and micro hydel plants (under 25 MW) are gaining importance for remote areas, requiring less land and causing minimal ecological disruption 2 Advanced Technology Both Kerala and Chhattisgarh are investing in modern turbine designs, digital monitoring systems, and automated controls for improved efficiency 3 Pumped Storage New pumped-storage facilities store excess power by pumping water uphill during low demand, releasing it during peak hours 4 Hybrid Systems Integration of hydropower with solar and wind energy creates balanced renewable systems that overcome individual limitations New research is actively focusing on minimizing displacement through better planning, improving sediment management techniques, rehabilitating affected ecosystems, and ensuring that hydropower development is truly sustainable and benefits local communities equitably.