Geography internal assesment.pptx measuring weather

presentation on geography project about temperature, wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation (rain, snow, hail), cloud types, severe weather phenomena (hurricanes, tornadoes), the difference between weather and climate, global weather patterns, and the role of the sun's energy in creating weather. To create such a detailed text, you would use scientific vocabulary and explain how these elements interact to create the dynamic atmospheric conditions we experience daily. Weather describes the short-term, hour-to-hour or day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and cloudiness, influenced by solar energy and occurring primarily in the troposphere. These conditions vary greatly, creating phenomena from gentle breezes and sunny days to severe storms like tornadoes and hurricanes. The scientific study of weather is meteorology, and its long-term patterns and averages constitute climate. What is Weather?
Weather refers to the immediate state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. It encompasses a wide range of variables:
Temperature:
The degree of heat or cold in the atmosphere.
Humidity:
The amount of water vapor in the air, which can be measured relative to the maximum amount the air can hold at that temperature.
Precipitation:
Any form of water falling from the sky, such as rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
Wind:
The movement of air, which can be gentle (breezy) or powerful (windy).
Cloudiness:
The extent to which the sky is covered by clouds, ranging from clear to overcast.
Atmospheric Pressure:
The force exerted by the atmosphere, with areas of high pressure often associated with clear skies and low pressure with stormy conditions.
Visibility:
The clarity of the atmosphere, which can be affected by fog or other atmospheric particles.
The Driving Force: The Sun
The primary driver of weather on Earth is energy from the Sun. This solar energy heats the Earth's surface and atmosphere unevenly, creating temperature differences that set the air and water in motion. This continuous energy transfer drives atmospheric circulation, leading to the various weather phenomena we observe.
Where Weather Occurs
Most weather events happen in the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, which is much more stable and where phenomena like weather are not typically observed.
Types of Weather Phenomena
Weather can manifest in many ways, from pleasant to dangerous:
Fair Weather:
Characterized by clear or partly cloudy skies, mild temperatures, and low wind.
Precipitation:
Rain: Liquid water droplets falling from clouds.
Snow: Frozen precipitation in the form of ice crystals.
Hail: Balls or lumps of ice that fall during strong thunderstorms.
Wind:
Breeze: A gentle wind that is pleasant and refreshing.
Gusts: Sudden, short bursts of strong wind.
Storms:
Thunderstorms: Storms characterized by lightning and thunder.
Tornadoes: Powerful, rotating

1. -- Presentation by Prithvy Rakhesh VII C Morning MEASURING WEATHER Geography Internal Assesment

2. Weather Instruments 2 Element of weather Instrument Temperature Thermometer Sunshine Campbell- Stokes sunshine recorder Atmospheric Pressure Barometer Wind Anemometer for speed, wind vane for direction Humidity Hygrometer ( Psychrometer ) Clouds Ceilometer(Cloud cover) Precipitation Rain gauge (rainfall), Snow gauge(snowfall)

3. Thermometer 3 Thermometer is an instrument for measuring and indicating temperature. It consists of a narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube marked with graduations. A t one end it has a bulb containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands on heating. An analog thermometer consists of a sealed glass tube with a metal tip. When the thermometer comes in contact with the material to be tested, the mercury turns into liquid and begins to rise up the tube. The point at which it stops is where we can take the temperature reading on the scale.

4. Campbell - stokes sunshine recorder 4 To measure sunshine, scientists use Campbell – stokes sunshine recorder. This instrument uses a cut glass sphere that concentrates the sun’s rays to one spot on the calibrated curved cards. Sunrays that fall on this point create a charred mark on the card. It records the hours of bright sunshine.

5. Barometer 5 Aneroid barometer A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. There are two types of barometer:- Mercury barometer and Aneroid barometer. A mercury barometer consists of a long glass tube open at one end and closed at other end. The air pressure is measured by observing the height of the column with mercury in the tube. Aneroid barometer is more convenient to use as does not have any liquid in it. It consists of a partially vacuum chamber that expands and contracts with changing air pressure. Mercury barometer

6. Anemometer and Wind vane 6 Wind vane An anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed. This type of anemometer has a spinning wheel. The stronger the wind blows, the faster the wheel rotates. The anemometer counts the number of rotations, which is used to calculate wind speed . It records the wind speed in ‘knots’ or (km/h). Windvane is a mechanical instrument comprising of a freely moving, arrow shaped horizontal pointer that points towards the direction from which the wind blows. Anemometer

7. Ceilometer 7 Ceilometer measures cloud thickness. This device can be used both during day and night. It throws an intense beam of light towards the clouds. A reflection of this light from the base of the cloud is received at the receiver end, using a ceilometer. When the reflection is detected by the receiver, it measures the vertical angle to the spot and calculates the cloud thickness.

8. Rain gauge 8 A rain gauge is an instrument used for measuring rainfall. It is measured in millimeters (mm). The instrument is usually installed in an open space away from any obstruction like a tree or building. The water is collected in a measuring jar and the reading is taken at a fixed time.

9. Snow gauge 9 ADD A FOOTER A snow gauge is an instrument used meteorologists to measure the amount of solid precipitation (snow) at a given place, over a set period of time.

10. Thank you! 10