Geological Disaster

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes.

1. GEOLOGICAL DISASTERS

2. EARTHQUAKE It is an natural disaster. When the fault ruptures with a sudden movement energy is released that has built up over the years. This energy is released in the form of vibrations called 'seismic waves’ … earthquakes ! It is actually when these seismic waves reach the surface of the earth that most of the destruction occurs, which we associate with earthquakes.

3. TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

4. PROPAGATION OF EARTHQUAKE WAVES

5. EARTHQUAKE CLASSIFICATION Based on distance Tele seismic earthquake > 1000 km Regional earthquake > 500 km Local earthquake < 500 km Based on magnitude Great earthquake M > 8.0 Major / Large earthquake 7.0 > M < 8.0 Moderate earthquake 5.0 > M < 7.0 Small earthquake 3.0 > M < 5.0 Micro earthquake 1.0 > M < 3.0 Ultra micro earthquake M < 1.0

6. TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE NATURE OF EARTHQUAKE Tectonic Volcanic Collapse explosion Foreshock Main shock Aftershock Earthquake swarm Normal seismic

7. WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN EARTHQUAKE? As tectonic plates grind together at a fault line, the rocks on either side stretch to absorb a certain amount of pressure. If the pressure becomes too great, the rocks shatter, releasing shock waves that shake the surface. Buildings then sway and topple, and fires may start as gas and electricity lines are ripped apart. WHERE DO MOST EARTHQUAKES STRIKE? Most earthquakes, and also volcanic eruptions, occur on or near the edges of Earth’s tectonic plates. They are most common in the “Ring of Fire,” the name given to the edge of the vast Pacific Plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, and the western coastline of North and South America all lie in this major fault zone. HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED? The study of earthquakes is called seismology. Scientists measure and record earthquakes using devices called seismometers. The size of an earthquake is measured according to its magnitude (the size of the shock waves and the energy produced) or its effects.

8. EARTHQUAKE SAFETY RULES If you are in house; Don’t use lift for getting down from building. Be prepared to move with your family. I f you are in shop, school or office; Don’t run for an exit. Take cover under a disk/table. Move away from window glass. Do not go near electric point and cable. Keep away from weak portion of the building and false ceiling.

9. LANDSLIDES

10. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE Heavy rains Earthquake Volcano eruption Floods Ground water changes Rapid snow melt quarrying

11. Type Maximum Depth CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSLIDES Surface slide Shallow slide Deep slide Very deep slide < 1.5 1.5 – 5 5 – 20 >20

12. TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

13. LANDSLIDE PREPAREDNESS AND SAFETY MEASURES A) Before a landslide : Find out if landslides have happened in your area in the past. Look out for landslide warning signs like doors or windows jammed for the first time, new cracks appear in walls, bricks, foundations, retaining walls, tilt of utility poles or trees. Consider relocation in case your house is located in an area particularly vulnerable to landslides. While doing so, remember: Do not build on or at the base of unstable slopes, on or at the base of minor drainage hollows, at the base or on top of an old fill slope, at the base or top of a steep cut slope. 16

14. ii) Do not cut down trees or remove vegetation or avoid slope weakening. iii) If the house cannot be relocated, then ensure proper drainage and proper retaining walls. Always stay alert and awake!!! Listen to radio/television for warnings of intense rainfall, storm and damp weather. These usually trigger landslides/debris or mudflow. Make an evacuation plan in case of a landslide with all the emergency items. 17

15. B) During a landslide: Listen to any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together. A trickle of flowing or falling mud or debris may precede larger flows. While you are outdoors during a landslide Try to get out of the path of the landslide or mudflow by running to the nearest high ground or away from the path. If you are near a river, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow or for a change from clear to muddy water. Such changes may indicate landslide upstream. So move quickly to safer areas. 18

16. If the rocks and other debris are approaching, run to the nearest shelter such as group of trees or a building. While you are indoors during a landslide Stay inside and remain alert. Listen to radio/ television for any update. i.e. if landslide occurs outside. If your house falls apart due to landslide and if there is no escape, hold on to something strong and protect your head. C) After a landslide: Stay away from the landslide area as there may be danger of additional slides. Do not drive through. Watch for flooding which may occur after a landslide. Check for injured or trapped persons near the slide, without entering the slide area. Direct rescuers to their locations. 19

17. Help neighbours who may require special assistance– infants, elderly people and disabled people. Listen to local radio/television stations for the latest emergency information. Look for and report broken utility lines to appropriate authorities. Check the building foundation, walls and surrounding land for damage. The safety of the areas needs to be assured before reoccupation. 20

18. PREVENTION & MITIGATION Increase in vegetation Engineered fill Retaining walls Removal of top Debris basin Buttress Steel nets

19. WHAT IS TSUNAMI? A tsunami is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes , landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life.

20. WHAT IS TSUNAMI?

21. PLAN FOR A TSUNAMI Develop a Family Disaster Plan Learn about tsunami risk in your community If you are visiting an area at risk from tsunamis , check with the hotel, motel, or campground operators for tsunami evacuation information Plan an evacuation route from your home, school, workplace , or any other place you'll be where tsunamis present a risk. Practice your evacuation route Use a NOAA Weather Radio with a tone-alert feature  to keep you informed of local watches and warnings. Discuss tsunami with your family Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit 

22. HOW TO PROTECT YOUR PROPERTY Avoid building or living in buildings within several hundred feet of the coastline. These areas are more likely to experience damage from tsunamis, strong winds, or coastal storms. Make a list of items to bring inside in the event of a tsunami. A list will help you remember anything that can be swept away by tsunami waters. Elevate coastal homes. Most tsunami waves are less than 10 feet. Elevating your house will help reduce damage to your property from most tsunamis. Follow flood preparedness precautions. Tsunamis are large amounts of water that crash onto the coastline, creating floods. Have an engineer check your home and advise about ways to make it more resistant to tsunami water. There may be ways to divert waves away from your property. Improperly built walls could make your situation worse. Consult with a professional for advice. 

23. WHAT TO DO AFTER A TSUNAMI Continue listening to a NOAA Weather Radio, Coast Guard emergency frequency station, or other reliable source for emergency information Help injured or trapped persons Use the telephone only for emergency calls Stay out of the building if waters remain around it Examine walls, floors, doors, staircases, and windows to make sure that the building is not in danger of collapsing. Inspect foundations for cracks or other damage Look for fire hazards.   Check for gas leaks Look for electrical system damage.   Check food supplies. Any food that has come in contact with flood waters may be contaminated and should be thrown out.  

24. Mining

25. IMPORTANT CAUSES OF ACCIDENT Roof/ side fall Winding Haulage Dumper Conveyer Explosive Electricity D ust / gas Fall of object/ person inundation

26. RECOMMENDATION FOR MINE DISASTER PREVENTION AND CONTROL Mining program Mine disaster prevention and control research Mine management Safety monitoring in mining

27. USE OF TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS

28. Thank you for listening! Don’t forget to drop, cover and hold-on! ☺