Geology in civil engineering field _2024

Geology in engineering

1. Geology in civil engineering

2. The term “Geology” means: Geo means “Earth” and logy – means study or reasoning . Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, its rocks, minerals, landforms, and the processes that shape it. James Hutton (1726–1797), Is a Scottish geologist considered by many to be the father of modern geology, made significant contributions to the field in the 18th century.

3. Uniformitarianism is a principle in geology that states that the same geological processes that occur today have been shaping the Earth’s surface for millions of years .

4. BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY

5. Sub-Field: CHRONOLOGY – studying layers of rock as it relate to geologic time. TECTONICS – applying the principles of plate tectonics to geology. NATURAL RESOURCES – examining rocks, terrain and material as natural resources. SEDIMENTOLOGY – understanding erosion, movement and deposition of sediments. TOPOGRAPHY – mapping terrain and processes the act on it. ASTROGEOLOGY – classifying rocks and landforms outside earth.

6. Branches of Geology Focused on Time: STRATIGRAPHY – how layering of rocks and strata are analyzed to measure geologic time. PALEONTOLOGY – how organisms evolve and their interactions in their environment by studying fossil records often found in rocks. MICROPALEONTOLOGY – how microfossils are characterized. PALEOMAGNETISM – how to reconstruct previous magnetic fields in rocks including the direction and intensity to explore pole reversals in different type period (past and future).

7. Branches of Geology Focused on Time: GEOMORPHOLOGY -how landforms, physical features and geological structures on earth were created and evolve. PALEOSEISMOLOGY – how geologic sediments and rocks are used to infer past earthquakes. MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY – how sedimentary and volcanic sequences are dated by geophysical correlating samples of strata deposited with the earths magnetic field polarity. GEOCHRONOLGY – how old rocks and geological events are dated using signaturers inherent in rocks.

8. BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY FOCUSED ON NATURAL RESOURCES: PETROLOGY – How types of rocks(igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary petrology) form in their specific environment. MINERALOGY- How chemical and crystalline structures in minerals are composed CRYSTALLOGRAPHY- How atoms are arranged and bonded in crystalline solids. SOIL SCIENCES- How soils relate as a natural resource including their formation factors, classification, physical, chemical and fertility properties. PEDOLOGY- How soils are classified based on their biological, physical and chemical properties.

9. BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY FOCUSED ON NATURAL RESOURCES: EDAPHOLOGY- How soils influence plant growth and living things. AGRONOMY/AGROLOGY –How the field of agriculture involves science such as crop production, biotechnology amd soil science. HYDROGEOLOGY – How is transported and is distributed in the soil, rock and Earth’s crust. POMOLOGY – How fruits grow and are cultivated.