Germplasm introduction and exchange

Types of germplasm introduction and procedure of germplasm exchange

1. Germplasm Introduction and Exchange Submitted by G. Vinay K umar, Ph.D Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding Agricultural college, Bapatla Submitted to Dr. T. Srinivas , Professor , Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural College, Bapatla

2. Germplasm Introduction Plant introduction or germplasm introduction is defined as the transposition of crop plants or plant genetic resources from the place of their cultivation to areas where it is untried. According to Allard (1960) plant introduction is the acquisition of superior varieties by importing them from other areas.

3. Germplasm Introduction Objectives To introduce new plant species there by creating ways to build up new industries. E.g. Oil palm To introduce high yielding varieties to increase food production. E.g. Rice and wheat. To enrich the germplasm collection. E.g. Sorghum, Groundnut. To get new sources of resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Aesthetic value – ornamentals. Purpose Results in establishment of entirely new species Provides material for hybridization Introduced material acts as source for biotic and abiotic stresses To create genetic variability

4. Germplasm Introduction Types Bennet (1965) proposed two broad types based on alteration in the original genotype during introduction Primary introduction When the introduced variety is well suited to the new environment, it is released for commercial cultivation without any alteration in the original genotypes. Eg. Semi dwarf wheat varieties Sonora 64, Lerma Rojo from CIMMYT, and rice varieties Taichung Native 1, IR 8, 1R 28, 1R 36 from IRRI, Philippines. Secondary introduction When the introduced variety is subjected to selection to isolate a superior variety or alternatively, is hybridized with local varieties to transfer one or few characters from this variety to the local ones, it is known as secondary introduction. Eg. Wheat varieties KalyanSona and Sonalika , selected from material introduced from CIMMYT, Mexico.

5. Based on utilization A. Direct utilization: Introduction of crop plants or germplasm for direct commercial cultivation B. Indirect utilization : Not for direct cultivation but for improvement of present cultivars through crossing or breeding programmes .

6. World wide IBPGR/IPGRI (1974) CGIAR (1971) In India NBPGR (1946) FRI (1906) BSI (1890) CRI of different crops Plant Introduction Agencies in India NBPGR - National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (New Delhi) Agriculture & Horticultural crops FRI - Forest Research Institute ( Dehradun) Forestry plants BSI - Botanical Survey of India ( Calcutta) Plants of Botanical Interest CRI- Central Research Institute of different crops Tea, Coffee, Sugarcane, Potato, Tobacco etc.,

7. Central agency – export and introduction of germplasm It has 10 regional stations History 1946 - Division of Botany at IARI, ICAR, New Delhi 1956 - Plant Introduction and Exploration organization 1961 - Division of Plant Introduction 1976 - National Bureau of Plant Introduction (NBPI) 1977 - Named as National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) NBPGR

8. 1. Procurement - through NBPGR 2. Quarantine - phytosanitary certificate 3. Cataloging Exotic collection (EC) Indigenous collection(IC) Indigenous wild collection 4. Evaluation - assess the potential 5. Multiplication & Distribution Steps in Plant Introduction

9. Obtain an entirely new crop species (maize, potato, tomato etc.) To serve as new varieties (sonora-64, lerma rojo – wheat. TN 1, IR 8 - rice) Save the crop from disease & pest (coffee was introduced in south america from africa to prevent losses from leaf rust) Used in scientific studies Used for aesthetic value Maintenance and protection of genetic variability are possible Quick and economical method of crop improvement Merits of Plant Introduction

10. Introduction of weeds, diseases and pests (a) Weeds - Argemone, Eichhornia , Lantana (b) Fungal diseases - late blight of potato, flat smut of wheat, coffee rust, bunchy top of banana (c) Insect pests - potato tuber moth, woolly aphid of apple, fluted scale of Citrus Ornamental species becomes noxious weeds Threat to the ecological balance Demerits of Plant Introduction

11. Germplasm Exchange Done / Coordinated by Division of Germplasm Exchange, NBPGR Activities of Division of GP exchange To ensure import/export of PGR of agri -horticultural and agri - silvicultural plants strictly under phyto sanitary conditions. To arrange national (inland) supplies of already available PGR to scientists as well as to growers/farmers. To procure and assemble literature and prepare bibliographies on PGR To prepare 'Crop Inventories' on plant genetic resources. Document and disseminate the information as 'Plant Introduction Reporter’.

12. As per Plant Quarantine Order, 2003 Two mandatory requirements Import permit issued by NBPGR before import of any material (IP) Phytosanitary certificate from the country of origin (PSC) Commercial purposes – bulk quantity Application form to Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage (DPPQS), Faridabad R ese a r ch purposes - small quantity Application form (PQ Form 08) to the Director, NBPGR Import of germplasm

13. Director, NBPGR - authorized to issue import permit and receive imported materials from customs authorities for its quarantine inspection and clearance, as per clause 6 (2) of PQ Order 2003. The recipient desirous of importing seed/planting material has to apply PQ Form 08 to the Director, NBPGR . The IP is issued in form PQ 09 in triplicate. IP is valid for six months from the date of issue. Validity may be extended up to one year on request, if adequate reasons in writing are justified. Import permit is non-transferable IP to be sent to the supplier and he should attach the same in duplicate along with the consignment. Import permit

14. Processing fee for issuance of import permit

15. An indentor who wishes to import transgenics has to submit the proposal to Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) through the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC). RCGM is an authorized agency of the GOI, functioning under DBT, which assesses the applications submitted for importing transgenic material for research purposes and issues Seed Transfer Clearance Letter . RCGM examines the desirability of import of transgenic line, from the biosafety point of view. It includes representatives from DBT, ICMR, ICAR, CSIR and other experts in their individual capacity. After getting the technical clearance for import, from RCGM, the indentor has to apply to Director, NBPGR, New Delhi for the issuance of IP in the prescribed PQ 08 form along with Seed Transfer Clearance Letter issued by DBT Import permit for transgenics

16. After obtaining the IP, the recipient should send it to the concerned official/supplier (abroad) who has agreed to supply the required germplasm for use in research. The supplier should be instructed to send the copies of IP (one pasted outside the seed parcel and other inside the seed packet) and other relevant documents with the consignment. The IP and PSC in duplicate must be enclosed along with the seed/planting material for custom clearance. It should be clearly instructed to the sender/supplier that consignment should be addressed only to the Director, NBPGR, New Delhi. The port of entry of germplasm is New Delhi Airport only. Release of the Consignment

17. Handling charge

18. All indents for import of germplasm are registered for assigning the case number and then forwarded to the Plant Quarantine (PQ) Division, without opening the parcel along with correctly filled Import Quarantine (IQ) form, for detailed quarantine inspection and clearance. After clearance from PQ Division, the samples are first arranged taxonomically indicating their genus, species, common name and cultivar name etc. For national accessioning in the national record. Each introduction/accession is assigned an Exotic Collection (EC) number which remains unchanged with information like name and address of the indentor, address of the source institute/country, characteristics and details of the germplasm, relevant references, date of arrival, form of the material and recipients of the materials. All assembled healthy seed/plant material is dispatched to the various researchers to make use of these valuable genetic resources The accessioning of the imported material is done online at www.nbpgr.ernet.in/geq . Only small qty imported. For transgenics – DBT specifies qty.; 5 – 10 % retained as voucher sample Registration, National Accessioning and Import Quarantine

19. Germplasm should be obtained in small quantities (3000 to 4000 seeds only) I n case of vegetative materials, it should not exceed six scion woods, rhizomes, etc., W hile in case of rooted plants, the number should be kept to the minimum (1-2 plants each). Efforts should be made to avoid repeat introductions www.nbpgr.ernet.in/Downloadfile.aspx?EntryId=7500 Permitted quantity

20. Permitted quantity of imports and exports

21. The access to Indian biological resources by foreign nationals or export of germplasm for research purposes is governed by Biological Diversity Act (BDA), 2002 & Biological Diversity Rules (BDR), 2004 (http://www.biodiv.org). The act was enacted under the provisions of the CBD. As per section 3 of the Act, no person from outside India or a corporate, association, organization incorporated or registered in India having non -Indian participation in its share capital or management, can access any biological resources or associated knowledge, for research , commercial utilization, bio-prospecting or bio-utilization, without prior approval of National Biodiversity Authority (NBA). However, as per Section 5 of the Act, exchange of germplasm for collaborative research under the bilateral agreements/collaborative projects are, exempted, which confirm to the policy guidelines issued by the central govt. or approved by the central govt. The proposals for export received under collaborative research projects are examined and screened by the Germplasm Export Facilitation Committee (GEFC). Export of Germplasm

22. Chairman: Director, NBPGR, New Delhi Members: Director / Project Director / Project Coordinator (concerned crop) Assistant Director General (concerned crop) Assistant Director General ( Intellectual Property & Technology Management, ICAR) Director/Dy. Director (DARE) Head, Plant Quarantine Division, NBPGR, New Delhi Officer-in-charge, Germplasm Exchange Unit, NBPGR, New Delhi Officer-in-charge, Policy Planning Unit, NBPGR, New Delhi Germplasm Export Facilitation Committee (GEFC)

23. Request Letter from foreign institution submitted to ICAR or through Research Institutions or any researcher in India or outside India Details of the Collaborative Research Project duly signed. Details of the seed/planting material under consideration for export Import permit of the recipient country Si g ned c o p y o f ICAR/ D ARE app r o v e d M a t e ria l T r an s f e r Ag r ee m e n t (MTA)/ Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) Proforma for Export (check list) duly filled in and signed Documents to be submitted along with export proposal

24. The GEFC submits its recommendations to DARE, for the final approval. After the approval is conveyed by Subject Matter Division (SMD), the seed/planting material is collected from NBPGR and PSC is issued by PQ Division after quarantine inspection of the seed/planting material meant for export. The seed/planting material is dispatched to the indentor along with IP and PSC

25. The researchers/users desirous of obtaining any seed/planting material for research/experimental purpose from NBPGR may submit the request in the prescribed requisition proforma for the supply of seed/planting material or Form GEX 01 , along with Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) signed by the recipient, to Director, NBPGR or officer- In-charge, Germplasm Exchange Unit Feedback information (in the prescribed proforma ) on the performance or utilization of material, along with sufficient quantity of multiplied seed must be sent to Director, NBPGR, New Delhi in case of all the material supplied to researchers and users across the country, whether imported or indigenous National (Domestic) Supply of Germplasm

26. Always obtain IP before importing seed/planting material for research/experimental purposes from Director, NBPGR. IP and PSC must accompany every seed/planting material As per Schedule-V of PQ Order 2003 seed/planting materials are to be imported only by authorized institutions or the requests should be forwarded only through respective authorized institutes. As per Schedule-IV of PQ Order 2003 seed/planting materials are prohibited for import from the countries mentioned against them due to incidence of diseases and pests. The seed/planting material meant for exchange should not be treated with any chemicals. The consignment should be addressed to Director, NBPGR, New Delhi. The port of entry for germplasm is New Delhi only. National Identity numbers (EC) allotted to specific accessions by Bureau must not be changed. This identity is required for documentation, use, reference, benefit sharing, legal purposes etc. Points to Remember

27. Merits & Demerits of germplasm exchange Merits: Legal control over the exchange of germplasm Avoids import or export of deadly new weeds, pests and diseases from one place to another. Helps to transfer of only healthy material New crops may transferred from one place to another. Demerits : It is a lengthy procedure as so many legal rules are involved. It is time consuming period. Merits: