Glass : A Building Material

It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.

1. GLASS : A BUILDING MATERIAL Presented By- B.Arch II Year Mohd Kashif Mohammad Sadan Khan Mohd Imran Department of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia

2. Presentation Scope INTRODUCTION Brief History Type of glasses Application in building Glass as a structural element Glass for green building Significance conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent and has widespread practical , technological, and decorative usage in things like window panels , tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide), the primary constituent of sand . Glass has been a fascinating material to humankind since it was first made in about 500 BC. At first thought to possess magical properties, glass has come a long way. It is one of the most versatile and oldest materials in the building industry.  From its humble beginnings as a window pane in luxury houses of Pompeii to sophisticated structural members in new age buildings, its role in architecture has evolved over the years.

4. BRIEF HISTORY Architectural glass  is glass that is used as a building material. It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature

5. Flat glass has been used as an enclosing element for approximately 2,000 years and is thus one of the oldest man–made building materials . Before industrialization, flat glass was produced, e.g., by means of manual methods such as casting or cylinder technology . These were replaced by sheet glass and plate glass manufacturing methods, which were used up until the 1960s. Machine methods had the disadvantage of distortion and waviness. In the early 1950s, the English company Pilkington Brothers developed an industrial solution for producing high quantities of large glass panes of a consistent high quality and at a relatively moderate cost, which was an almost entirely automated float glass manufacturing process.

6. As a result of the oil crisis in the late 1970s, the glass architecture at that time was subject to increasing criticism. Uncoated flat glass was considered a waste of energy. Interpane was one of the first companies to successfully market neutral heat protection coatings. One example is " iplus neutral" (since 1982): It is considered to be the first color-neutral thermal insulating glass in glass history. The key to success was a special silver coating. This technology is now the basis for the manufacturing of high-quality thermal insulating glass.

7. TYPES OF GLASSES Float glass Shatterproof glass Laminated glass Extra clean glass Chromatic glass Tinted glass Toughened glass Glass blocks Glass wool Insulated glazed units

8. intro Float glass is made of sodium silicate and calcium silicate so, it is also called as soda lime glass. It is clear and flat so, it causes glare. These glasses are available from 2mm to 20mm thickness ranges. They have a weight range of 6 to 36 kg/m 2 . These are used as shop fronts, public places etc.

9. intro Toughened glass is strong glass which has low visibility. It is available in all thicknesses and when it is broken it forms small granular chunks which are dangerous. This is also called as tempered glass. This type of glass is used for fire resistant doors, mobile screen protectors etc.

10. INTRO There are several varieties of obscure glass, but in general it is any type of rolled glass that has a pattern embedded into its surface. Patterns can vary, and people typically use the glass as a form of decoration. Other types of obscure glass include painted and laminated glass.

11. INTRO Wire glass  is a common sight in schools, businesses, and hotels across the nation. It is manufactured primarily as a fire retardant, with  wire  mesh inlaid in the  glass  to prevent it from shattering and breaking out under stress or when exposed to high temperatures.

12. INTRO Laminated glass is the combination of layers of normal glass. So, it has more weight than normal glass. It has more thickness and is UV proof and soundproof. These are used for aquariums, bridges etc.

13. INTRO Reflective glass  is essentially ordinary float  glass  with a metallic coating that cuts off solar heat. This special metallic coating also provides a one-way mirror effect, preventing visibility from the outside and thus preserving privacy.  Reflective glass  is used primarily for structural façade glazing.

14. Mirrored glasS To produce mirrored glass, a metal coating is applied to one side of the glass . The coating is generally made of silver , aluminium, gold or chrome. For simple mirrored glass, a fully reflective metal coating is applied and then sealed with a protective layer. To produce "one-way" mirrors, a much thinner metal coating is used, with no additional sealing or otherwise opaque layer. Mirrored glass Is gaining a more prominent place in architecture , for important functional reasons as well as for the aesthetic effect.

15. Insulated Glazed Unit Shatterproof glass is used for windows, skylights, floors etc. Some type of plastic polyvinyl butyral is added in its making process. So, it cannot form sharp edged pieces when it breaks. Shatterproof Glass Insulated glazed glass units contains a glass is separated into two or three layers by air or vacuum. They cannot allow heat through it because of air between the layers and acts as good insulators. These are also called as double glazed units

16. GLASS AS LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

17. Vibrant colors that won’t fade or need replacing Glass mulches are a unique, low-maintenance alternative to traditional bark or gravel mulches Environmentally-friendly, green landscaping Adds beauty and character to any outdoor entertainment area Clean alternative to logs or lava rocks Lasts a lifetime without ever burning, melting or discoloring Enhance your backyard landscape Customize your fire pit to compliment your taste GLASS MULCHES

18. GLASS USED IN PAVEMENTS

19. GLASS AS SCULPTURES

20. Different useS Supply of natural daylight Protection from rain, wind, and cold Transparency or translucency Means of communication Heat protection Sound protection Object and personal protection Fire protection Temporary heat and solar protection Use of solar energy Means of design Electromagnetic dampening.

21. Glass as a structural element Structural glass facades are most easily categorized by the structure types that support them. Strong back Truss Systems Cable Truss Grid shells Cable Net Glass Fins

22. Glass for green buildingS Reflective glasses come with reflective coating that filters heat and let optimum light into the building. Reduce the heat gain inside the building, and thus reduces electricity and cooling costs Allow optimum light (natural daylighting) inside the building, and thus reduces the cost for artificial lighting.

23. Advantages & Disadvantages The glass that absorb, refracts or transmits light. It can be made transparent or translucent so it adds extraordinary beauty to the building. Glass transmits up to 80% of available natural day light in both directions without any yellowing, clouding or weathering. The glass is fully weather resistance so it can withstand the effects of the wind, rain, or the sun and can retain its appearance and integrity. Glass does not rust so it does not degrade gradually by chemical and surrounding environment effects. Glass has a smooth glossy surface so it is dust proof and can be easily cleaned. Glass allows natural light to enter the house even if doors/windows are closed so thus it saves energy and also lowers the electricity bills, brightens up the room and brings out the beauty of the homeland most importantly it boosts the mood of occupant. It is an excellent insulator against electricity.It is impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field. Available in varieties of colours and when we combine the glass sheet in laminated or insulated units, they change in colour and appearance. Glass is 100% recyclable and it does not degrade during the recycling process, hence it can be recycled again and again without loss of quality or purity. The glass is excellent abrasion resistant so it will resist surface wear caused by flat rubbing and contact with another material. It is unaffected by noise, air, water and most of the acids hence discoloration, alteration in the degree of shine, softening, swelling, the detachment of coatings and blistering will not occur. Glass also protects against outside barriers. Glass has the ability to make the structure look more stunning, sophisticated and adds beauty to the building. It is used to achieve the architectural view for external decoration. When used in the interiors, glass saves space .

24. Disadvantages Manufacturing of glass is high energy consuming process due to high temperature required for processing the raw materials, and it is expensive material and ultimately increases the cost of a building. The glass is very rigid and brittle materials so when it is subjected to stress, it breaks without significant (strain). Broken pieces of Glass may be sharp and chances of injury are very high. The glass is less impact resistant so the capability of the glass to withstand a suddenly applied load is very poor. The glass is affected by external hydrofluoric acid hence sometime etching is appear on glass surface. The Glass is affected by alkalis ions. Alkali solution simply dissolves a glass surface and as long as the supply of alkali is sufficient, this type of corrosion takes place at a uniform rate. Glass offers superior transparency of heat hence it is to be balanced with its relatively low R-value (energy saving). R-value is considered as one of the most important factors for insulating. Use of glass also enhances the cost of security. The glass is also unsafe for earthquake proven area. Unfortunately, there is no such Glass as an earthquake proof material but costly treatment makes them withstand against earthquake. The glass is poor in terms of heat preservation, leading to higher costs in the operation of air-conditioners. Though many feel that once you provide glass in a building façade, you are free from painting expenses for ever but this is not fine. You may have to spend equally for cleaning of glass. Sometimes it is as costly as expose painting. Again, you may paint building once in a 5 years but for glass you have to clean every year. Glass absorbs heat and hence act as a greenhouse and hence not suitable in warm and hot climates. It will increase A\C load and more energy consideration for air conditioning. Glare is a major problem in glass façade building.

25. SignificancE Glass is the dominating material in modern day architecture which places optical emphases and provides for numerous technical functions . The glass industry offers glazing with individual technical features that can be used for heat, solar, or sound protection, as design components, safety glass , or as a Part of building design systems. Glass is no longer just a filler element , but is rather nowadays also used for Supporting or enveloping purposes. The main focus in building is usually on saving energy, especially in these challenging times of increasing prices for energy and raw materials. Glass plays an important role in it . Hence promoting the concept of Sustainability .

26. ConclusioN Over a period of time, Glass has acquired a special status as a significant building material . Apart from being a building material it is used in various forms also in the building to enhance the overall quality e.g . in furniture, electrical appliances and decorative items. Various technological innovations have made it a preferred choice for architects and designers to promote sustainability in built environment.

27. Market Survey

28. Bibliography Slide share Google Images https:// www.slideshare.net/ParantapChakrabarti/market-research-of-the-glass-industry-in-india https://www.google.co.in/search?q=HISTORY+OF+GLASS&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC28WG7OnYAhUJrY8KHZuoCIYQ_AUICygC&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=h0KGuErn2BGSDM : https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-glass-properties-uses-construction/14755 / https://www.google.co.in/ search?q = HISTORY+OF+GLASS&oq =HISTORY+OF+GLASS+& aqs =chrome.. 69i57j0l5.7481j0j7&sourceid= chrome&ie =UTF-8 http:// www.understandconstruction.com/glass.html https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_glass https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-glass-properties-uses-construction/14755 / https://gharpedia.com/advantages-disadvantages-glass-building-material / https:// www.slideshare.net/shouryagoswami969/glass-presentation-51281466